Calculation subwoofer using WinISD

In this article I want to talk about and show how you can calculate the subwoofer and what you should pay attention when designing in the following programs: WinISD 0.44, WinISD 0.50a7. Detailed description of the program WinISD .

Payment will be made ​​for a box of ten-inch speaker Audiobahn 1051T. Let's start! Run the program WinISD 0.50a7

1. Create a new project (New Project). 

2. By pressing this button, select the speaker of the database program. 

3. View the T / S parameters.

4. T / S parameters. Click on (Next)

5. Selecting the number of speakers. 

6. Type of installation.

Normal - all the speakers are on the same panel.

Isobaric speakers are face to face.

Click on (Next)

7. Efficiency speaker. Shows what type of housing is more suitable. 

8. Selecting the type of box.

Sealed box - the name speaks for itself

Vented - box equipped with a pipe (Bass reflex).

Band pass 4th order - the speaker is located between the two chambers, one of which has a phase inverter.

Band pass 6th order - is between the two cameras equipped with both phase inverter.

Passive radiator - one closed box speaker and passive radiator (speaker without magnet)

Choosing which type suits us and click on (Next)

Next, the program offers a way to design the frequency response in different ways. I do not focus on this point and click Next. 

If you select Passive Radiator enter the program will offer the following T / S parameters of the passive radiator:

Vas - is excited indoor air volume speaker.

Fs - resonant frequency.

Xmax - the maximum stroke of the diffuser.

QMS - Mechanical Q.

SD - diffuser area.

Next we consider the example program Band pass fourth order.

Tab Driver.

9-10. Again, you can specify the number and type of installation speakers. 

11. Additional features. 

Tab Box.

12-13. Camera box 

14. Volume of the chamber. 

15. The frequency of the camera settings. 

Tab Vents (Phase inverter (s))

16. Number of bass reflex (s) 

17. Fazoinvertor diameter (s) 

18. Length bass reflex (s) 

19. Type of round or rectangular. You can change the nav on a circle. 

20. View fazoinvertora.

Turn to the main calculation box:

21. Click on the box shown schematically on the right mouse button while holding move the cursor along the axis (X) in-law to change the volume on the horizontal axis (Y) vertically to change the frequency. Similarly, the left mouse button to change the parameters of the lower chamber. The top of the curve should be above the red line between 35Hz and 120Hz if this subwoofer as widely as possible and smoother.

Transfer function magnitude. Amplitude frequency characteristic 

Like this, but the lower limit of 40 Hz and the upper 113Gts is also suitable. 

Where I marked with red dotted lines in practice there will be cut frequency crossover.

Select dates: Maximum Power. 

Maximum Power 

In this graph, the program shows the maximum power versus frequency. It can be seen that there is recession recession peak power 60 watts 39 hertz in practice cone speaker lacks stroke (Xmax) and an unpleasant sound - distortion. On the finished product it must also take into account and to limit the power

Select dates Maximum SPL 

Maximum SPL. This chart shows the maximum sound pressure 

Also seen a decline. For the same reason. Last two graphs from another speaker, I showed them to have clarity. 

Here are graphs for our guinea. First a little far-fetched at a frequency of 0 Hz to 25 Hz and all the speakers there is a recession.

Now we must determine the size of the box will be installed speaker. 

To do this, run the program WinISD 0.44 push a new project.

We need to introduce our dynamic parameters in this program because at its base it is not for this press «New» 

We proceed to WinISD 0.50a7

22. By clicking this button you can see the T / S parameters that need to be put in WinISD 0.44.

Introduce the parameters and click OK to close the window so as not to interfere. 

Create a new project.

23. Reposition the tick to select a speaker. 

Press on, and do just as well as in WinISD 0.50a7

Transferring the parameters of the box in WinISD 0.50a7 WinISD 0.44. 

24. Push to start to count the size of the box. 

25. Press and the program provides the optimal dimensions in her opinion. 

In disposal we have 10-inch speaker complete with its outer diameter of 300 mm to fit it into the box dimensions W and D Undue be less 300mm 

26. Width 300mm inscribe equals 0,300 METERS 

30. You can change the unit of measure by simply clicking on the dimension in this case the letter «m» 

28. Length of 0,300 meters is entered 

27. Push the «H» program shows height. 

31. Pay attention to the L1 and L2 is the height of the cameras should look to tie the speaker depth does not exceed the value of L2. 

But we must take into account the thickness of the material he is still in the lap of nutria has a shelf where the speaker stands and also take into account the thickness of the speaker himself, he, too, takes a beat him if I already priced big box in there to stand spacers they should also be taken into account. 7 parts obtained to calculate the correct items is necessary to consider that some of them will be unnecessarily whipped program shows the inner diameters. Letter «P» I'll puncture the material thickness which must be added to the other values. 

1) D x W 

2) D x W 

3) D x W 

4) H + (P * 3) x D 

5) H + (P * 3) x D 

6) H + (P * 3) x W + (P * 2) 

7) H + (P * 3) x W + (P * 2) 

Gets the size of the items if the material thickness of 20mm: 

1) 300x300 

2) 300x300 

3) 300x300 

4) 420h300 

5) 420h300 

6) 420h 340 

7) 420h 340

Now we can proceed to the calculation of the phase inverter.

32. Type fazoinvertora we use a rectangular 

33. Length. When the end of the phase inverter is shifted to the wall box 

it virtually lengthened, and in fact it turns out that he is not listening on that frequency and greater long WinISD 0,44 ignores this virtual extension can be calculated by the formula itself but it's easier to look in the program WinISD 0.55a7 

I repeat: it is really only when the end of the phase inverter is shifted to the wall box and when he speaks it is not valid. So the program shows WinISD 0,44 28,86 cm and WinISD 0,55 25,64 a7 sm.F phase inverter will be installed in the item number 4 420h300 subtract 20 from 420 is the height fazoinvertora get exactly 400 square fazoinvertor unnecessarily adds another item 8) 300h255

Here are the final dimensions of parts and their number. 

1) 300x300 

2) 300x300 

3) 300x300 

4) 400x300 

5) 420h300 

6) 420h340 

7) 420h340 

8) 300h255

34. Air resistance. Air resistance in a vented enclosure to do as little as possible by increasing the opening area of ​​the phase inverter.

Separation filter crossover for car subwoofer

The figure shows a circuit diagram of car crossover (cr

ossover) for the subwoofer. The input stage of the transistor Q1 is a differential summing amplifier, and the switch S1 is used to switch polarity. Switched-capacitor filter with a slope of 24 dB per octave (chip IC1) is the basis of continuously tunable filter. Potentiometer R13 controls the filter cutoff frequency on the chip IC1, adjusting its clock speed. Because the switched-capacitor filters, by definition, work with discrete signals at the input of IC1 should be restrictive filter (antialiasing). Such a low pass filter of the second order constructed by transistors Q2 and Q3 and associated elements. The output signal of IC1 via pin 5 served on a subsonic filter with the possibility of lifting the lowest frequencies. When switch S2 is closed, then on the rise of the frequency characteristic occurs. Additional filtering is provided by infrasound capacitors C1 and C2 directly to the input of the crossover. The resistor R18 and the capacitor C 10 is assembled so-called remodeling filter, eliminating the remnants of the quantization noise. The power supply circuit, gathered on the integral regulator 78L08 (chip IC2), and provides the main supply voltage of 8.6 V, and the bias voltage of 4.8 V. The diode D1 protects the circuit from negative voltage spikes and incorrect wiring. Diode D2 displaces the output reference voltage stabilizer 78L08 0.6 V for receiving an output voltage of 8.6 V, and not B. 8

Original article source cxem.net

Circuit diagram capacitor charge control

The scheme is designed to protect against inrush current when the battery uncharged capacitor on-board network. Who has not tried to include uncharged faradnik network without limiting resistor - better not ... At a minimum, get burnt contacts.

When you turn the discharged capacity in network capacity C1 is discharged, T1 (n-MOSFET switch with low channel resistance) is closed.Capacitance C2 (the same faradnik) is charged through a low-resistance R5. T2 opens almost instantly, the shunt to ground C1 and T1 gate.When the potential negative terminal C2 falls below 1V (charge to Uakb - 1B), T2 closes smoothly C1 is charged to about 9/10 Uakb opening T1. The time constant R2C1 is large enough so that the current surge T1 (pre-charge C2 +1 V to Uakb) does not exceed the rating for T1.

In the future, the negative terminal of C2 constantly shorted to ground through T1, regardless of the direction CURRENT T1 (both literally - from drain to source, and in the opposite direction). Nothing wrong with "rollover" OPEN TIR transistor not. When choosing a good enough conductive transistor entire reverse current flow through the channel, and a built-wheeling diode will not open because the voltage drop across the channel at times less than required for the opening of 0.5-0.8 V. By the way, there is a whole class of TIR devices (eg FETKY ), designed specifically to work in the opposite direction (synchronous rectifiers), they have built a diode is shunted by an additional force Schottky diode.

Calculation: for transistor IRF1010 (Rds = 0.012 ohms) voltage drop of 0.5 ohms will only be achieved with the current channel 40A (P = 20W).For four of these transistors in parallel and the same discharge current of 40A - on each transistor will dissipate 0,012 * (40/4) ^ 2 = 1.2 W, ieradiators they are not required (the more that will dissipate 1.2W only when differential current consumption but not consistently).

Dense installation (you have plenty of space for extra radiator?) - Advisable parallels small (body TO251, DIP4) transistors, generally do not provide radiators, based on the ratio of current (power) consumption of the amplifier - Rds - limit power dissipation. Since Pds max is typically 1W (800 mW for DIP4), the number of n transistors (c Rds each) for the amplifier with an output power Pout must be at least n> 1/6 * Pout * sqrt (Rds) at 12V supply (dimension in the formula I omitted). In fact, given the short duration current pulses, n can be easily reduced by half compared with a given formula.

Resistor R5 is selected from the charge compromise heat output and charging time. When these 22 ohms - charge time of about 1 minute at power dissipation 7 watts. R5 can instead include 12V bulb, say, indicator. Resistors R1, R3 - reinsurance (discharged capacity when disconnected from the network).

Connect to indicate activation of additional inverter (reducing R2). Attention! The scheme is efficient at using npn transistors T2, T3 with h21e> 200 (KT3102). Depending on the brightness of the LED, R1, select the range of 200 ohms - 1k.

But the view of the circuit in which the key shutter control signal REMOTE (And transistor). The non-connected or off REMOTE key transistor guaranteed closed. D3-D4 LEDs indicate charging C1, D5-D6 - the open state of the key.

Accurate indication of the threshold voltage is provided easiest IP TL431 (KR142EN19) in a typical mode voltage comparator (with the corresponding subgroup in the input circuit and current-limiting circuit cathode R).

Loss schemes largely depend on the installation. Ensure that the minimum resistance (and corresponding current thickness of the wires) in the power circuit (terminal + / C2 / T1 /-terminal). In amateur practice, I think, make outgoing terminals impractical - it is better to unsolder the short wires AWG8, which binds to the terminal block diagram of the amplifier.

Original article source cxem.net

Sound in the car

It is known that for many motorists machine evolved into something more than just a means of transportation. After all, the person conducting the wheel for several hours a day, not only wants to listen to the local news, but good music. However, high-quality automotive interior equipping reproducing unit, few who can manage only industrial products.

In recent years in the amateur literature appeared many publications devoted to independent manufacturing automotive audio equipment, mainly amplifiers. But even a good amplifier does not solve all the problems faced by the creator of Sound Hi-Fi class for its attitude avtomobilya.Skepticheskoe many motorists to leave such systems due primarily illiterate approach to installing speakers in the cabin.Unfortunately, in most cases, they are placed in the car according to the principle "to fit", not "where it is necessary." However, an unambiguous answer to the question - "Where else do you want?" - Does not exist. None of the known solutions does not give a guaranteed result. Much easier to answer the question "where it is not necessary?". Show rasprstranennaya error - placing powerful and high heads speakers in the rear tray. Front same state that have or nothing. Is the owner of this car prefer to sit with his back to the stage?

Contrary to popular belief, most importantly in the design of the car radio is not to achieve high power, low distortion, and not even getting a good frequency response. The main problem - the creation of a wide soundstage for listeners sitting on the front seat of the car. Its solution is directly related to the installation of the front head.

Under any reasonable version of their placement inside the difference in the signal path from the left and right radiators to the listener reaches unacceptably large. To reduce this difference may be reflected to use all or part of the signal from the windshield. So there setting with outdoor acoustics front (see Fig. 1).

Embodiment of a such a solution is quite difficult and time consuming, but the result is impressive. However, to cut the floor to install the heads dare not everyone. So really to install radiators in front passenger car is not too many places: the dashboard, windshield racks, doors, vertical bar at the bottom of the passenger compartment at the front wheels of the vehicle.

The dashboard allows you to set the emitters at a sufficient height, but head size is usually limited to 10 ... 13 cm, acoustic design is virtually absent, so low frequencies are reproduced in this case efficiently enough. To further advance the sound image can be installed on radiators racks on the side edges of the windshield, but in reality there are only fit tweeter (tweeter).

Popular because of its simplicity and low-frequency coaxial installation heads in the doors usually argued increase efficiency low frequency reproduction ready acoustic design. The result obtained is the opposite desired effect. For the reduction of phonograms most modern tools engineers is situated in the center of the bass sound stage, ie Sound signals of the left and right channels in the same frequency band are in phase and have almost the same intensity. Therefore, when installing radiators in the front door of the sound waves at frequencies 100 ... 150 Hz, critical for the subjective perception of bass attack reaches the opposite head of phase (as determined by the width of the cabin) and compensated. Hence - a dull, lifeless sound that did not fix any EQ. Installation heads in kikpanelyah decreases the difference in the signal path from the left and right radiators, but the sound picture falls unacceptably low. In addition, this embodiment carry the same effect, "blanking" bass attacks, although to a lesser extent as when installing heads in the doors, and organize a decent acoustic design easy.

It follows that the best results can be achieved, the use of multi-band dispersed front speakers. Bandpass emitters should be placed in locations where they will work with maximum efficiency. According to the author the best place to install the bass radiators - in buildings under the front Cedeno with the radiation of sound forward and upward. MF emitters best place on the front panel or in the upper front corner of the door, and HF - racks on the windshield (it picks up sound pattern).

Full bass reproduction is only possible using acoustic design of considerable size, so virtually all car audio sound frequency range is limited to the main channel 100 ... 120 Hz and lower frequencies generated by the speaker as the sum signal. Because at the lowest frequencies loudspeaker has a circular radiation pattern, the choice location for a subwoofer - question komponoki system. Most often, it is placed in the trunk. The problem is that the frequency response of the cabin, which plays here the role of acoustic design, has Wake up in the very low frequencies for each individual model of the body. Therefore, to obtain a uniform frequency response of the total system must be able to adjust only the level but also the frequency response sabfufernom channel.

Sound image formed without using surround izluchatalay certainly be incomplete. Their main value - "the creation of the hall effect" by simulating the reflected sound. Spectrum Signal rear channels (Fig. 2) for this should be limited [2], and the signal can be both traditional ("left-right" channel), and the sum or difference, or a combination thereof. Power rear channel nevilika (no more than 10% of the total capacity of the system), and in some cases, for its realization will require additional amplifying devices. The simplest case - anti-series connection of the rear head between the amplifier output left and right channels through a simple filter.

On the influence of connecting cables and sound quality lately written so much that this subject can not apply here. Wire size than the power supply current consumption and the length of the wires themselves. In any case, the voltage drop in the supply of power at maksimaonoy should be no more than 0.1 ... 0.2 V

Damping parasitic resonances and sound elements salon are also important. Noise absorbing material should be applied to all available panels and plastic body parts, focusing on the panel, located near the head speakers, or those used as part of the speaker enclosure.Resonances usually disappear when the cover 25 percent or more of the area. To absorb road noise noise canceling material should cover polsalona, ​​fireproof bulkhead area and wheels.
Original article source cxem.net

Roadblock for noise

Noise music enemy number one, and to successfully deal with it, we must first understand its nature. The first cause of outsiders (and therefore undesirable) sounds obvious. This noise transmitted from outside the cabin. The second factor leading to vehicle noise, vibration occurring when the machine is moving: vibrations propagating through structural elements are emitted into the cabin noise and form.Vibration source can be the engine, transmission, suspension and trim body resonance of individual elements, mechanical shocks, etc. By the way, the speakers work often gives rise to interference resonances.

In turn, the materials that are to become an insurmountable obstacle to the noise, separated by counter methods (reflection, absorption, damping), typical application areas (doors, engine compartment, wheel arches, floor, ceiling), and its physical structure (liquid, foam, spray, solid). Therefore specialize in this area manufacturers approach the problem in a comprehensive and usually offer a list of materials, taking each his <defense sector>. Requirements for such products is very high. Besides the fact that silencers should be as effective in fulfilling its primary function is the sine qua non of their non-toxicity, resistance to high temperatures, moisture, as well as technology and ease of use.

Now on specific examples. As a practical sample products take American company Cascade Audio Engeneering (CAE), known under the brand name V-Blok. Interestingly, the products of the company in the U.S. is gaining markets in Europe. And one of the reasons for the popularity V-Blok is that all materials CAE absolutely harmless to human health, as in the Old World, as we know, environmental issues are taken very seriously. In the Russian market, the manufacturer is also not the first year and a well-deserved reputation as one of the most irreconcilable fighters for clarity. Number 1 at CAE listed noise-proof water-based paste VB-1. It is used to eliminate vibrations large area panels, curved and irregular surfaces and also for the treatment enclosure speakers. It is noteworthy that the VB-1 is versatile and extremely well to metal, plastic and wood, extinguishing the oscillations in a wide frequency range (10 Hz to 40 kHz). For maximum effect, apply two coats of a thickness not exceeding 3 mm, the treated surface does not let the noise of the entire life of the car.

In turn, VB-2 and VB-2HD (it is thicker) are polymeric adhesive materials designed for damping SAE (converting vibration energy into thermal energy) of oscillations of sheet metal and plastic. They produced pieces of different sizes and thanks to universal adhesive layer, which can withstand heat up to 200 degrees, seize virtually any surface. It should be noted that the VB-2 and VB-2HD absorb noise is twice as good mastic asphalt-based resins, while being 40% lighter and much more manufacturable.

For floor treatment from a range of car interior Cascade Audio Engeneering best club VB-3. As its structure, it consists of two layers reinforced neoprene foam, separated by a thin plate of lead. Accordingly, the bottom layer is a suspension for lead <filling> and the upper acts as insulation. As for the movable lead plate, it is an effective barrier for the noise arising from contact with the road during movement of the machine. At the same time, despite the presence of VB-3 lead layer, this material is easy to give the necessary form.

Composite material VB-4, in principle, the same as the VB-3 application areas (floor, walls salon, wheel arches), but differs from it in structure. The first line of defense heavy, soft and flexible vinyl weight. If coming from the pavement sound waves still seep through the vinyl, they are offset by a separating layer foam. At the same time prevents the penetration of the foam into the cabin heat and moisture. For processing engine compartments Cascade Audio Engeneering advises to use VB-TS. As well as the VB-3, this composite is struggling with the noise in two ways: absorption and reflection. It consists of a heat-cm layer of soundproofing foam retention noises midrange, and polyester film which is metallized chemically pure aluminum having a high reflectance. The reflective surface allows the use of VB-TS at ambient temperatures up to 205 degrees. Other advantages of this material are the presence of a filler, water repellent, and that VB-TS is stretched by 10% and provides a wide contact surface with any complicated.

Several stand out special pads Deflex Powerpads. These items are attached to the body of the car directly behind the speaker magnet head and prevent the occurrence of standing waves inside the installation volume that prevents the destruction of the diffuser and improves sound quality. Set Powerpads easy and have a lifetime warranty.

Original article source cxem.net

K574UD1 generator audio range

In the development and research of electronic equipment in the laboratory one of the most important components of the measurement equipment is a universal source of test signals. Function generator, working in a range of sound frequencies, was developed based on a microcontroller. It is based on generator circuit described in [Radiohobby, 2000, № 5, p. 79]. The analysis of this scheme it was revealed a significant disadvantage. Because the counter is formed by two functional elements, the logic levels on the address pins are not installed simultaneously, which leads to the appearance of high-frequency emissions of the generator output. Developed device devoid of these deficiencies. Generated output waveform (saw, triangle, sine, square wave) programmed in flash-memory. The generator used firmware contained in [Radiohobby, 2000, № 5, p. 79]. Schematic diagram of the function generator is shown in Fig. 1.

The main technical parameters:

Range of generated frequencies, Hz 

0 ... 30000

Flatness dB 

<0.3

The amplitude of the output voltage, V 

4

Number of steps output 

128 128

MS 4046 on a chip (DD1) assembled an oscillator, which control the frequency tuning in the range 0 ... 4 MHz. Variable resistor R1 is a multiple of the frequency control. On-chip 556IE10 (DD2) assembled address counter which outputs signals are formed ("typed address") applied to the address inputs of the PROM Winbond W27C512 (DD4). In this flash-memory chip programmed forms of output signals. With PROM outputs signals are sent to the DAC DAC0800 (DA4), from which output signal is fed to a high-speed operational amplifier K574UD1 (DA5). SB1 button is used to select the output waveform. The components of the chip 155LAZ (DD3.2, DD3.3) Assemble debounce buttons SB1. With the terminals 5 and 9, which also receives signals from the outputs of the PROM, the signal goes to the chip decoder SN74LS156N (DD7). With its removable data outputs the selected signal that displays one of the LEDs. For indicating the selected output waveform is assembled unit to the D-flip-flop circuits 155TM2 (DD6), the input of which receives impulses originating switching button. The unit is powered from the unregulated voltage source + 12, which enters the integral timer DA1 and positive voltage stabilizer DA2. Timer DA1 implemented multivibrator, the output of which removed rectangular pulses. They are rectified and is input to the negative voltage regulator DA3. The voltage from its output is used to power a generator. When setting up the device you first need to set the frequency of the selection of C1-order 4 MHz at pin 4 chips DD1, then the resistor R11 to generate sine wave mode, controlling the output of an oscilloscope, to establish the symmetry of the signal relative to the total wire. The maximum output frequency of the oscillator is determined primarily by the speed of EEPROM, which for the chip Winbond W27C512 is approximately 4 MHz, so the maximum output frequency: 4 MGts/128 stages = 30 kHz. Measured harmonic distortion of the sinusoidal signal constitute 0.0076% at 1 kHz. This generator is designed to work with a digital oscilloscope, which displays the frequency of the input signal, so additional indication output signal frequency is not provided. The devices made on microcontrollers, promising enough. For example, the proposed generator can be increased through the use of frequency oscillator with greater frequency. Also by increasing the bit of flash-memory can increase the frequency of sampling. The generator can be connected to a PC with the ability to programmatically change the shape of the output signal due to changes in firmware flash-memory. Resistor R1 - SP5-44-1 or other reusable, R9, R11 - SPZZa or other small.
Original article source cxem.net

About audio HDMI interface

In 2002, the largest consumer electronics manufacturers such as Hitachi, Philips, Sony, Toshiba and others, proposed a new interface High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI). He became the first fully digital interface for transmitting uncompressed video and audio streams, while it is backward compatible with DVI, which transmits a digital video stream.

HDMI interface is constantly evolving. Today there are several versions with different numbers. The first version of HDMI 1.0 appeared in 2002.The latest HDMI 1.3 was approved in June 2006. Each version uses the same hardware specs and cable, but offers extra capacity and the types of information that can be transmitted via HDMI. For example, HDMI 1.0 supports a maximum speed of 4.9 Gbit / s, while HDMI 1.3 - has 10.2 Gb / s.

Below is a summary of the versions of HDMI.

HDMI 1.0 - 12/2002 

One cable for transmitting digital stream audio / video with maximum throughput of 4.9 Gb / s. Supports video stream up to 165 megapixels per second (1080p @ 60 Hz or UXGA) and 8-channel 192 kHz/24-bit.

HDMI 1.1 - 5/2004 

Added support for content protection DVD Audio.

HDMI 1.2 - 8/2005 

Added support for Super Audio CD; 

HDMI Type A connector for connecting a PC as a source; 

PC sources can use the "native" mode colors RGB, color mode option saved YCbCr; 

support low-voltage sources.

HDMI 1.3 - 6/2006 

Connection Bandwidth / V was increased to 10.2 Gbit / s; 

improved support for colors, including a depth of 30, 36 and 48-bit (RGB or YCbCr); 

added support for color standards xvYCC; 

added support for automatic synchronization of sound; 

added support for the Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD (the format used in HD DVD and Blu-ray) for decoding external receivers; 

approved a new mini connector for devices such as camcorders.

HDMI 1.3b - 3/2007 

Consumer Electronics Control.

HDMI 1.4 - 5/2009 

Added support for 4K x 2K resolution (3840 × 2160 at 24/25/30 Hz and 4096 × 2160 at 24 Hz). 

The possibility of creating Fast Ethernet-connections (100 Mbit / s) (HDMI Ethernet Channel, HEC). 

Implemented technology Audio Return Channel (ARC). 

A new interface connector for miniature devices - micro-HDMI (Type D). 

3D-capable.

HDMI 1.4a - 3/2010 

Improved support for 3D-image

HDMI 1.4b - 10/2011 

Supports 1080p video at 120 Hz. 

Increased bandwidth of a single wire up to 15 Gbit / s.

HDMI 2.0-9/2013 

Added support for resolution 4K (3840 × 2160) at 50/60 Hz 

Added support for up to 32 channels of audio 

Sound frequency is increased 1536kGts for highest sound quality 

Added support for displays with 21:9 

Added dynamic synchronization of video and audio streams

The table below shows the major improvements version 1.3 compared to 1.2.

Function HDMI 1.2 HDMI 1.3

Maximum Throughput 4.95 Gb / s 10.2 Gb / s

Maximum bandwidth 165 MHz 340 MHz

Maximum resolution 1920x1080 progressive (1080p) 2560x1440 progressive (1440p)

Maximum color depth 24-bit 48-bit

The maximum number of colors 16.7 million 281 trillion.

Support for DTS and Dolby Digital 5.1 Yes Yes

Support for Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD No Yes

The maximum sampling frequency sound (2 channels) 192 kHz 768 kHz

The maximum sampling frequency sound (from 3 to 8 channels) 96 kHz (4 threads max.) 192 kHz (8 threads max.)

Technical information

Below is a diagram interface HDMI.

Pin 1 - TMDS Data2 + 

Contact 2 - TMDS Data2 Shield 

Pin 3 - TMDS Data2- 

Track 4 - TMDS Data1 + 

Track 5 - TMDS Data1 Shield 

Track 6 - TMDS Data1- 

Pin 7 - TMDS Data0 + 

Track 8 - TMDS Data0 Shield 

Track 9 - TMDS Data0- 

Track 10 - TMDS Clock + 

Track 11 - TMDS Clock Shield 

Track 12 - TMDS Clock- 

Track 13 - CEC 

Contact 14-Reserved (NC on device) 

Contact 15 - SCL 

Track 16 - SDA 

Track 17 - DDC / CEC Ground 

Contact 18 - +5 V Power 

Track 19 - Hot Plug Detect

Legend. 

TMDS (Transition-Minimized Differential Signaling). High-speed digital technology flows used in HDMI and DVI. Uses three channels, streamed audio / video and other data, with up to 3.4 Gb / s per channel. 

CEC (Consumer Electronics Control). Allows you to send commands and control signals between the communication participants. CEC function built by manufacturer. If all communication participants will support HDMI CEC, you can, for example, to send commands from the remote control all the connected equipment. Among the teams have on / off, play, go into standby, recording and others. 

SCL (Serial Data Clock). Responsible for synchronizing data transmission. 

SDA (Serial Data Access). Transmitting data. 

DDC (Display Data Channel). Specification allows you to send the display, such as the manufacturer's name, model number, supported formats and resolution, etc.

Supported file formats

Today, it supports all major video formats, including PAL, NTSC, ATSC, and others. Video resolution up to 1440p or maybe 2560x1440 progressive format (from Blu-ray and HD-DVD, it is a maximum, 1080p). Supported color depths up to 48 bits (over 280 trillion. Colors) with a refresh rate of 120 Hz.

Supported audio formats include. 

Compressed audio. Dolby Digital, DTS, etc. 

Multi-channel sound. SACD, DVD Audio. 

Uncompressed audio (PCM). Up to 8 channels with sampling rates up to 192 kHz at 24 bits. 

Lossless quality. Newly added support for Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio.

Content Protection (HDCP)

HDMI Interface was built licensed digital content protection circuitry High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP), which was created by Intel and a few others to fight piracy. HDCP is to be present on the HD-receivers or players / recorders DVD / HD-DVD / Blu-ray, which use HDMI.

HDMI Receivers

If you follow the development of the "home theater", then you already know that today the receiver audio / video streams must have the support of HDMI. Modern receivers typically have inputs and outputs and HDMI support the following functions. 

Multi-channel audio and video. HDMI-receiver allows you to connect a HDMI-cable source of the audio / video (HD-disc player or HD cable HDTV) to its input, and the second HDMI-cable - HDTV-TV to its output. The receiver will transmit the digital video signal from the player HD-diskov/pristavki cable HDTV to HDTV-TV and multi-channel sound via an amplifier to pass and send to the connected speakers. If the audio / video receiver does not support HDMI, then you have to use a separate cable (digital optical or coaxial) to transmit sound from a player / set-top box to the input of the receiver. Difference in quality between HDMI and a separate digital audio cable for no, but why suffer in another cable system?

In principle, the advantages of such a configuration, when you use the player with the release of HDMI, not too large. But as we add more HDMI-components advantages become more significant. Namely ... 

Switching HDMI. Most HDMI-equipped receivers two or three inputs HDMI, allowing you to connect multiple sources HDMI-audio/video him. A display HDTV-connects to HDMI-receiver with just one cable. You can switch on the receiver video source that is more convenient than peretykat HDMI-cable TV, or via HD-source. This feature will become increasingly important as they appear in your home appliances with support for HDMI.

Analog-to-digital conversion and video deinterlacing. Early versions of the HDMI-receiver stores the digital and analog signals in the form in which they were received, which required not only digital, but the analog connection HDTV-TV to the receiver. But many modern receivers HDMI-learned how to transform incoming analog audio / video signals (for example, via the composite input or S-Video) into digital form, allowing any transfer of TV streams over a single cable HDMI. Besides analog-to-digital conversion, many receivers, also provide video deinterlacing (with the 480i to 480p). Also a very useful feature since many older HDTV-TVs do not support 480i signals via input HDMI. Some modern receivers can convert the signals into formats 480i 720p, 1080i or 1080p, which helps to improve the picture quality from older video sources to your new HDTV-TVs.

Compatible HD-DVD/Blu-Ray

A very important feature of the HDMI interface is that HD-DVD players and Blu-ray will transmit a picture in full 1080p resolution only via HDMI.Such a move is a result of industry efforts to protect against piracy. Unlike other audio / video interface, HDMI to transmit at full resolution requires mandatory protection HDCP. If you use any other interface, for example, component video, the video signal is artificially deteriorated to DVD quality, or even worse.

Increased bandwidth of HDMI 1.3 can be very useful useful new technologies, which are used HD-DVD/Blu-ray. This could include increased color depth, which allows output of up to 69 billion colors (depth 30-36 bits). HDMI 1.2 can transfer image with only 16.7 million colors (24 bit depth). In addition, HDMI 1.3 supports audio formats next-generation Dolby TrueHD and DTS HD Master Audio, which use lossless compression to the number of channels to eight (96 kHz, 24-bit, up to 18 Mbit / s). All receivers without HDMI 1.3 support can play the movie with the "old" sound formats DTS and Dolby Digital.

All new features sooner or later improve the home theater enjoyment, but there is an area in which the situation with HDMI is still not very clear.We mean video recording. Data passes through uncompressed HDMI and HDCP main function is to protect the uncompressed data copy. So write information via HDMI until you get. Let's see how this problem is solved in the future.

Conclusion

In the area of ​​home theater is the time for change. Already the war between video formats 1080p standards HD-DVD and Blu-Ray, and also appeared confusion in the minds of consumers regarding the new interface for transferring digital video and audio HDMI. Especially because the HDMI specification continues to evolve.

A new version of HDMI 1.3 makes much to think about. And, perhaps, take into account the purchase of audio / video equipment. HDMI-receivers appeared on the market recently, but in a few years they have made significant progress in its capabilities. HDMI 1.3 is a major step forward compared with HDMI 1.2, so if possible, always buy hardware that supports it version 1.3. Especially that drives HD-DVD and Blu-Ray will use the advanced features HDMI 1.3. However, receivers supporting HDMI 1.3 can not be on the market until mid-2007. And who knows what price they will be sold. On the other hand, many interesting features HDMI, for example, switching and HDMI video conversion, already available on today's HDMI-receivers.

HDTV-TVs also switch to standard HDMI 1.3, and, as expected, already in the beginning of 2007 models. New televisions should use such advantages HDMI 1.3, as improved color depth, as well as solve many "problem youth" HDMI (with audio sync problems, support for Consumer Electronics Control, etc.). The result will be as follows. Before buying carefully check the capabilities of each component. Try to compare them with the current requirements, as well as possible, and with the future.
Original article source cxem.net