7/13/2015

Electronics Tutorial #1 - Electricity - Voltage, Current, Power, AC and DC



Basic / beginners Electronics Tutorial / course / lesson - Voltage, Current, Power, AC and DC
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Nikola Tesla - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_T...
Thomas Edison - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E...

In this tutorial I cover the following:

* Some history about electricity / central power stations / electrification. 
* Science of electron flow in a conductor / wire
* I use fluid dynamics in a pipe to explain voltage (pressure), current in Amps (flow) and consumption in Amp hours (rate of flow).
* We look at AC (alternating current) and DC (direct current) on the UNI-T UT81B scopemeter
* We look at how voltage / pressure is required to charge a 12 volt battery
* What is electricity? / How does electricity work?

Topics for future videos in this series:

* Ohms law, resistance, power, energy
* Electronic components - diodes, transistors, FETS, capacitors, digital logic gates, integrated circuits, 555 timer.
* Series and parallel circuits
* Op amps and feedback

7/10/2015

Power Amplifier with voltage regulator 4 × 50 Watt TDA8588

Power Amplifier with voltage regulator 4 × 50 Watt TDA8588
   The TDA8588 is a multiple voltage regulator combined with four independent audio power amplifiers configured in bridge tied load with diagnostic capability. The output voltages of all regulators except regulators 2 and 3 can be controlled via the I2C-bus. However, regulator 3 can be set to 0 V via the I2C-bus. The output voltage of regulator 2 (microcontroller supply) and the maximum output voltage of regulator 3 (mechanical digital and microcontroller supplies) can both be either 5 V or 3.3 V depending on the type number. The maximum output voltages of both regulators are fixed to avoid any risk of damaging the microcontroller that may occur during a disturbance of the I 2C-bus. The amplifier diagnostic functions give information about output offset, load, or short-circuit. Diagnostic functions are controlled via the I2C-bus. The TDA8588 is protected against short-circuit, over-temperature, open ground and open VP connections. If a short-circuit occurs at the input or output of a single amplifier, that channel shuts down, and the other channels continue to operate normally. The channel that has a short-circuit can be disabled by the microcontroller via the appropriate enable bit of the I 2C-bus to prevent any noise generated by the fault condition from being heard.
Speaker protection
    If one side of a speaker is connected to ground, a missing current protection is implemented to prevent damage to the speaker. A fault condition is detected in a channel when there is a mismatch between the power current in the high side and the power current in the low side; during a fault condition the channel will be switched off. The load status of each channel can be read via the I 2C-bus: short to ground (one side of the speaker connected to ground), short to VP (one side of the speaker connected to VP), and shorted load.

Muting 
    A hard mute and a soft mute can both be performed via the I 2C-bus. A hard mute mutes the amplifier within 0.5 ms. A soft mute mutes the amplifier within 20 ms and is less audible. A hard mute is also activated if a voltage of 8 V is applied to pin STB. 

Temperature protection 
     If the average junction temperature rises to a temperature value that has been set via the I2C-bus, a thermal protection pre-warning is activated making pin DIAG LOW. If the temperature continues to rise, all four channels will be muted to reduce the output power (soft thermal clipping). The value at which the temperature mute control activates is fixed; only the temperature at which the thermal protection pre-warning signal occurs can be specified by bit D4 in instruction byte 3. If implementing the temperature mute control does not reduce the average junction temperature, all the power stages will be switched off (muted) at the absolute maximum temperature Tj(max)

Power Amplifier with voltage regulator 4 × 50 Watt TDA8588
Power Amplifier with voltage regulator 4 × 50 Watt TDA8588

7/08/2015

60W MosFet Audio Amplifier

High Quality, powerful unit: 90W into 4 Ohm load Also suited as guitar or bass amplifier
60W MosFet Audio Amplifier
60W MosFet Audio Amplifier
60W MosFet Audio Amplifier Description



To celebrate the hundredth design posted to this website, and to fulfil the requests of many correspondents wanting an amplifier more powerful than the 25W MosFet, a 60 - 90W High Quality power amplifier design is presented here.
Circuit topology is about the same of the above mentioned amplifier, but the extremely rugged IRFP240 and IRFP9240 MosFet devices are used as the output pair, and well renowned high voltage Motorola's transistors are employed in the preceding stages.
The supply rails voltage was kept prudentially at the rather low value of + and - 40V. For those wishing to experiment, the supply rails voltage could be raised to + and - 50V maximum, allowing the amplifier to approach the 100W into 8 Ohm target: enjoy!
A matching, discrete components, Modular Preamplifier design is available here:Modular Audio Preamplifier.
Notes:
  • In the original circuit, a three-diode string was wired in series to R10. Two of these diodes are now replaced by a red LED in order to achieve improved quiescent current stability over a larger temperature range. Thanks to David Edwards of LedeAudio for this suggestion.
  • A small, U-shaped heatsink must be fitted to Q6 & Q7.
  • Q8 & Q9 must be mounted on large heatsinks.
  • Quiescent current can be measured by means of an Avo-meter wired in series to the positive supply rail and no input signal.
  • Set the Trimmer R10 to its minimum resistance.
  • Power-on the amplifier and adjust R10 to read a current drawing of about 120 - 130mA.
  • Wait about 15 minutes, watch if the current is varying and readjust if necessary.
  • The value suggested for C1 and C2 in the Power Supply Parts List is the minimum required for a mono amplifier. For optimum performance and in stereo configurations, this value should be increased: 10000µF is a good compromise.
  • A correct grounding is very important to eliminate hum and ground loops. Connect to the same point the ground sides of R1, R3, C2, C3 and C4 and the ground input wire. Connect R7 and C7 to C11 to output ground. Then connect separately the input and output grounds to the power supply ground.
Parts:
R1______________47K   1/4W Resistor
R2_______________4K7  1/4W Resistor
R3______________22K   1/4W Resistor
R4_______________1K   1/4W Resistor
R5,R12,R13_____330R   1/4W Resistors
R6_______________1K5  1/4W Resistor
R7______________15K   1/4W Resistor
R8______________33K   1/4W Resistor
R9_____________150K   1/4W Resistor
R10____________500R   1/2W Trimmer Cermet
R11_____________39R   1/4W Resistor
R14,R15___________R33 2.5W Resistors
R16_____________10R   2.5W Resistor
R17_______________R22   5W Resistor (wirewound)

C1_____________470nF   63V Polyester Capacitor
C2_____________470pF   63V Polystyrene or ceramic Capacitor
C3______________47µF   63V Electrolytic Capacitor
C4,C8,C9,C11___100nF   63V Polyester Capacitors
C5______________10pF   63V Polystyrene or ceramic Capacitor
C6_______________1µF   63V Polyester Capacitor
C7,C10_________100µF   63V Electrolytic Capacitors

D1___________1N4002   100V 1A Diode
D2_____________5mm. Red LED

Q1,Q2,Q4_____MPSA43   200V 500mA NPN Transistors
Q3,Q5________BC546     65V 100mA NPN Transistors
Q6___________MJE340   200V 500mA NPN Transistor
Q7___________MJE350   200V 500mA PNP Transistor
Q8___________IRFP240  200V 20A N-Channel Hexfet Transistor
Q9___________IRFP9240 200V 12A P-Channel Hexfet Transistor

45 Watt Class B Amplifier

45 Watt Class B Amplifier Description
45W into 8 Ohm - 69W into 4 Ohm Easy to build - No setup required
45 Watt Class B Amplifier
45 Watt Class B Amplifier
45 Watt Class B Amplifier Description



The main design targets for this amplifier were as follows:
  • Output power in the 40 - 70W range
  • Simple circuitry
  • Easy to locate, low cost components
  • Rugged performance
  • No setup

These goals were achieved by using a discrete-components op-amp driving a BJT complementary common-emitter output stage into Class B operation. In this way, for small output currents, the output transistors are turned off, and the op-amp provides all of the output current. At higher output currents, the power transistors conduct, and the contribution of the op-amp is limited to approximately 0.7/R11. The quiescent current of the op-amp biases the external transistors, and hence greatly reduces the range of crossover.

The idea sprang up from a letter published on Wireless World, December 1982, page 65 written by N. M. Allinson, then at the University of Keele, Staffordshire.
In this letter, op-amp ICs were intended as drivers but, as supply voltages up to +/- 35V are required for an amplifier of about 50W, the use of an op-amp made of discrete-components was then considered and the choice proved rewarding.

The discrete-components op-amp is based on a Douglas Self design. Nevertheless, his circuit featured quite obviously a Class A output stage. As for proper operation of this amplifier a Class B output stage op-amp is required, the original circuit was modified accordingly.

Using a mains transformer with a secondary winding rated at the common value of 25 + 25V (or 24 + 24V) and 100/120VA power, two amplifiers can be driven at 45W and 69W output power into 8 and 4 Ohms respectively, with very low distortion (less than 0.01% @ 1kHz and 20W into 8 Ohms).

This simple, straightforward but rugged circuit, though intended for any high quality audio application and, above all, to complete the recently started series of articles forming the Modular Preamplifier Control Center, is also well suited to make a very good Guitar or Bass amplifier. Enjoy!
Notes:
2N3055 and MJ2955 transistors were listed for Q8 and Q9 as the preferred types, but many different output transistors can be used satisfactorily: TIP3055/TIP2955, TIP35/TIP36, MJ802/MJ4502 amongst others.
Discrete op-amp output transistors Q6 and Q7 do not require any heatsink as their cases remain at ambient temperature. Power transistors Q8 and Q9 should be mounted on a black, finned heatsink as usual.

Parts:

R1______________18K  1/4W Resistor
R2_______________3K9 1/4W Resistor
R3,R6____________1K  1/4W Resistors
R4_______________2K2 1/4W Resistor
R5______________15K  1/4W Resistor
R7______________22K  1/4W Resistor
R8_____________330R  1/4W Resistor
R9,R10__________10R  1/4W Resistors
R11,R12_________47R  1/4W Resistors
R13_____________10R    1W Resistor


C1_______________1µF  63V Polyester Capacitor
C2_____________470pF  63V Polystyrene or Ceramic Capacitor
C3______________47µF  25V Electrolytic Capacitor
C4______________15pF  63V Polystyrene or Ceramic Capacitor
C5_____________220nF 100V Polyester Capacitor
C6_____________100nF  63V Polyester Capacitor

D1,D2,D3,D4___1N4148  75V 150mA Diodes

Q1,Q2________BC560C   45V 100mA Low noise High gain PNP Transistors
Q3,Q4________BC556    65V 100mA PNP Transistors
Q5___________BC546    65V 100mA NPN Transistor
Q6___________BD139    80V 1.5A NPN Transistor
Q7___________BD140    80V 1.5A PNP Transistor
Q8__________MJ2955    60V 15A PNP Transistor
Q9__________2N3055    60V 15A NPN Transistor

18W Class-B Audio Amplifier with Tone Controls

18W Class-B Audio Amplifier with Tone Controls
18W Class-B Audio Amplifier with Tone Controls
18W Class-B Audio Amplifier with Tone Controls


In order to satisfy repeated requests by correspondents, a medium power audio amplifier incorporating tone controls in the feedback path was finally designed.
To avoid an excessive increase in parts-count, due to the addition of the tone controls, a simple amplifier circuitry was designed on the same guidelines of the successful 45 Watt Class B Amplifier, but using the excellent NE5534 IC instead of a discrete component op-amp to drive the output "dumper" transistors.

The particular circuit configuration, allowed to push the NE5534 exceptional capacity of driving the output transistors near to its limits, enabling the whole amplifier to deliver relatively high power outputs without problems. For this reason, it was possible to obtain 18W into an 8 Ohm load using a power supply voltage of +/- 20V.
Despite the complication added by the tone controls, the amplifier has an input sensitivity of 130mV RMS, allowing to connect directly to its input the most disparate audio sources without the need for a separate preamplifier.
Total Harmonic Distortion figures are astonishingly low, much lower than comparable audio amplifiers using a single-IC audio amp.

An interesting feature of this amplifier is the absence of any kind of setup.

The power supply is straightforward. The parts values suggested are suited to power a stereo version of this design. For a mono amplifier a less powerful mains transformer can be used, having a 30V Center-tapped or 15 + 15V secondary winding, rated at about 24 to 30VA or 0.8-1A.

Notes:
Q1 and Q2 power transistors should be mounted on a finned heatsink of at least 100x50x25mm.
+ and - 22V is the absolute maximum permissible voltage supply for NE5534: please do not exceed this limit.
In the event you obtain a higher voltage from your power supply, you can consider the use of a regulated supply. Please see Simple, Efficient, Regulated Power Supply.

Parts:
P1______________50K  Log. Potentiometer (or 47K)
                     (twin concentric-spindle dual gang for stereo)
P2______________20K  Linear Potentiometer (or 22K)
                     (twin concentric-spindle dual gang for stereo)
P3_____________100K  Linear Potentiometer
                     (twin concentric-spindle dual gang for stereo)

R1_____________820R  1/4W Resistor
R2______________68R  1/4W Resistor
R3_______________1K8 1/4W Resistor
R4______________10K  1/4W Resistor
R5_______________1K  1/4W Resistor
R6,R7__________100R  1/4W Resistors
R8_____________330R  1/4W Resistor
R9______________47R  1/2W Resistor

C1_______________1µF  63V Polyester Capacitor
C2______________33pF  63V Polystyrene or Ceramic Capacitor
C3______________10nF  63V Polyester Capacitor
C4,C5____________1nF  63V Polyester Capacitors
C6_____________120nF  63V Polyester Capacitor
C7______________22nF  63V Polyester Capacitor
C8,C10_________220nF  63V Polyester Capacitors
C9______________22µF  25V Electrolytic Capacitor
C11,C12________220µF  25V Electrolytic Capacitors

IC1__________NE5534   Low noise Single Op-amp

Q1____________BD440   60V 4A PNP Transistor
Q2____________BD439   60V 4A NPN Transistor

J1______________RCA audio input socket

7/07/2015

240W MOSFET Power Audio Amplifier

240W MOSFET Power Audio Amplifier
A high power audio amplifier circuit which can output up to 240W on a 4Ω speaker.
This mosfet amplifier is built with BUZ23 and uses a 40V symmetrical power supply. Connect the NTC close to the heatsinker.

MosFet 240W power amplifier schematic

240W MOSFET Power Audio Amplifier
240W MOSFET Power Audio Amplifier

Battery Level Indicator 36 Volts Schematic Circuit

Battery Level Indicator 36 Volts Schematic Circuit

Battery Level Indicator 36 Volts Schematic Circuit
Battery Level Indicator 36 Volts Schematic Circuit
This battery level indicator offers (5) LEDs that light up progressively as the battery voltage increases. This is a update of the 24V Battery Level Indicator.
While designed for 36V systems, it is easily modified to 24V, 48V or 60V simply by changing two resistors.
LED ColorCharge Level
Red:Power Connected (0%) (essentially always on)
Orange:Greater than 35V (25%)
Yellow:Greater than 37V (50%)
Green:Greater than 39V (75%)
Blue:Greater than 41V (100%) (full charge is about 41 to 42V)
Of course, you may select your own colors if desired.

High voltage issues
One limiting factor is the LM339 that has an absolute maximum voltage rating of 36V –and it is not good practice to operate near that point. The solution involves running the IC power rail off a zener shunt regulator. Shunt regulators are very simple, inexpensive and robust –good for this application. However, the LM339 open collector outputs cannot drive LEDs powered from the battery bus due to the same maximum voltage limitation. There are two solutions for this: increase the current rating of the shunt regulator so that it can power the LEDs, or run the LEDs via a cascode amplifier arrangement –I chose the cascode amplifier.
Cascode amplifier
A cascode amplifier is a configuration where one transistor feeds a 2nd transistor that is connected in the common base configuration. This configuration is generally used for RF amplifiers. In this circuit it offers one great property –low voltage in, high voltage out. By tying the bases of these transistors to the 13V bus, the LM339 open collector drive transistors never see more than 13V. However, the cascode transistors may drive LEDs that are tied to a much higher voltage –up to 80V using the MPS-A16. By limiting the emitter current, the LED current is automatically limited to the same value. While this is relatively busy, it places virtually no burden on the shunt regulator.
Circuit Operation
D1 is the voltage reference zener. Tied to this is a string of divider resistors (R2-6) that set the various fixed voltage levels. R7 & 8 form a voltage divider to that divides the battery voltage by a factor of 9. The quad comparator compares the various voltages from the two dividers.
For calibration, connect to a voltage source that can be set to the highest LED threshold (41V in this case). Then adjust the calibration pot until D2 flickers. The remaining LEDs will switch on close to the indicated voltage –accuracy of those voltages may suffer slightly, but should be close.
The LEDs are biased to operate at 2.3mA which is reasonably bright for high efficiency LEDs. This current can be adjusted simply by varying the emitter driver resistors (R9 through R13). To reduce standby power, a push-to-test pushbutton may be used.
Bug
Testing on variable voltage turned up an interesting bug –when the voltage was turned down to about 10V, all LEDs lit again. This was traced to Zener D9 dropping out of conduction thus starving the voltage divider. Connecting a 33K resistor across D9 corrected this little problem without affecting anything else.

7/06/2015

SAVING ENERGY IN YOUR HOME - 100 Tips To Save Energy!

SAVING ENERGY IN YOUR HOME 100 Tips To Save Energy
SAVING ENERGY
SAVING ENERGY

1. It begins with your commitment. If you want to save energy, you have to be committed enough in doing the necessary things for it. Without your commitment, you may not become mindful of you actions, which can directly or indirectly affect your overall energy consumption. Thus, you have to be committed, so that you can see results on it. 

2. Make it a practice to turn off the lights in your room. Lots of people today leave their bedrooms without turning the lights off. Although lights do not consume much electricity, lots of energy would be wasted if you constantly left them turned on for the most parts of the day, even if you are not inside the room. Thus, make it a practice to turn off the lights, so that you can save energy. 

3. Replace your filters regularly. Most heating and cooling equipment require clean filters, in order for them to run clean. The filters can also help them in becoming more energy efficient. With that, replacing your filters regularly can help you save a lot in terms of energy consumption. Ask your technician about it, so that you would know when is the best time to do so. 

4. Dirty coils make your appliances consume more electricity. Refrigerator coils can get dirty over a certain period of time. In most cases, they can accumulate a lot of dirt within the six month period; and, when that happens, the dirty coil would make your refrigerator work harder in order to achieve its desired temperature. Thus, it is best if you practice cleaning and vacuuming your refrigerator coils every six months or so, so that you won’t have to endure higher electricity bills. 

5. Close the windows. Whether you need to achieve lower or higher temperature inside your house, it is best if you close your windows. This is because, open windows would make your cooling or heating equipment require more energy to serve you better. When you close the windows, your equipment would not work too hard, which means it can help you save energy. 

6. Do not forget the timer. When you sleep at night and you are using your air-conditioning system to make your room temperature cooler, it is a good idea to make use of its timer. The timer would ensure that your AC would be turned off in time. Aside from that, if you won’t use the timer, you may get tempted to extend its usage, especially when you don’t feel like going out of your bed yet. 

7. Make use of solar energy. There are lots of DIY solar panels that you can make use for your home today. One of the best things about this new technology is that, you no longer have to pay high electricity bills with them. All you have to do is to have someone install it properly, and you should be good to go. 

8. Dry your clothes the natural way. One of the best ways to conserve energy is to dry your clothes naturally. If you are going to use your washing machine’s dryer for them, then you would be consuming lots of energy. Just hang the clothes outside, and let the sun dry it so that you can save more energy. 

9. Unplug all unused appliances and electronic devices. You need to keep in mind that many appliances and other electronic devices consume electricity when they are plugged into the socket, even when they are turned off. Thus, the moment that you turn them off, you should ensure that they are unplugged. If it is a hassle for you to do, then just do it just before going to bed. 

10. Your computer monitor. If your computer’s monitor is still the large type, or the CRT, then it is time to replace it. CRT screens actually consume more energy than the LCD types. Thus, it is time to make use of the newer computer screens. Aside from consuming lesser amounts of energy with them, it also improves your whole experience in using your desktop PC. 

11. Open up your windows during summer. Summer heat can be hard to beat, which is why it is best to come up with ways to get around it without consuming lots of energy. Open up your windows during summer time, so that you can let fresh air go in and out of the house. This is effective, especially if your house is surrounded with trees. 

12. In going for a vacation. When you go for a vacation, you need to make sure that all the appliances, except the refrigerator, are turned off and unplugged. Aside from that, if you have a water heater, then you should also ensure that it is turned off as well. Minimize energy consumption by leaving just a light in the porch and in your living room while you are away. 

13. Minimize the number of times you open the door. When it is warm and you are using your air-conditioning to achieve cooler temperature inside your place, then you should minimize the times that you and other members of your household are opening the door. Each time you open the door, warm air would get inside your place. When that happens, it would make your cooling equipment work harder. 

14. Turn off your light when you go to bed. Turning off the light inside your bedroom when you go to bed can help save lots of energy. If you are not very comfortable, you can always use a lampshade instead or a night light. When you do this, aside from saving energy, it can also help you sleep better. 

15. Using water heater. If you have a water heater installed at your place, it can make your energy consumption go up, if you have leaky faucets. Thus, you should fix any leaky faucet as soon as you spot them. Aside from saving energy, it can also help you save on water usage. 

16. Cut off cooling areas in your house that don’t need it. When you turn on your cooling equipment at your place, you have to consider the fact that it would try to lower down the temperature on the entire space. Thus, if you have rooms that don’t need cooling, then you should close the door to that room. By minimizing the space that it has to cool down, you are ensuring that it would not consume more energy that it needs to. 

17. Block the summer light to save energy. Blocking the summer light can go a long way, as far as saving energy is concerned. This is because, it can help in bringing down the temperature inside your house. Thus, you need to install awnings, shades, blinds, or sunscreens in spots where sunlight can enter. Reflect away the heat from your house to make it cooler. 

18. Have a technician check your electric wirings on a regular manner. Checking your electric wirings inside your house is necessary, in order to lessen energy consumption. Routine check up would ensure that no wires are damaged by pests, which can cause more energy consumed or even short circuit. Thus, this practice would not just conserve energy, but also make your home safer as well. 

19. Installing an exhaust fan in your kitchen. Whenever you are cooking, an exhaust fan inside your kitchen can help a lot in blowing hot air from the place. This can help you save a lot of energy especially during summer time. Your savings when it comes to using energy to cool down your place would be more than the electricity consumed by the fan. 

20. Air dry your dishes whenever you can. Using the dishwater heater consumes a lot of energy. Thus, it is best if you turn it off, whenever you leave your place and also when you are not making use of it. Aside from that, it is also a good idea to simply air dry your dishes whenever you can or when you have the time for it. 

21. Be mindful of your cooling system’s thermostat levels. It is best to be mindful of your cooling system’s temperature or thermostat levels. This is because, it can determine the amount of energy that it would consume in cooling down your place. Thus, you should take note of the comfortable temperature that you want to achieve, so that you won’t go lower and consume more energy in the process. 

22. An alternative to using your air conditioning system. If it is warm and you don’t want to turn on your air-conditioning system for a while, you can make use of an alternative for it. All you have to do is to place a bowl that is filled with ice cubes in front of your electric fan. Turn on the fan, and you can feel cool air blown towards you. 

23. Reduce the humidity inside your place. Reducing the humidity inside your place can greatly help in making you more comfortable during warm weather conditions. To achieve that, all you have to do is to use a dehumidifier. When you make use of it, you can minimize the number of times that you have to turn on your airconditioning system. 

24. Use your air-conditioning system’s timer. It is a good idea to make use of your air-conditioning system’s timer on a regular basis to save energy. For example, when you turn it on at night before going to bed, set the timer to turn off the system by dawn. This is because, it is usually pretty cold during that time, and you won’t even notice that your AC has already been turned off. 

25. Minimize the use of your shower’s heater. There are times when people make use of their showers’ heater even on summer times. Thus, whenever it is warm, you should see to it that your shower’s heater has been turned off. Do this, so that you can enjoy cooler water, and save on energy consumption. 

26. Minimize the times your kids open up the fridge. Whenever you open the door of your refrigerator, its cool air would go out and warm air would go in. Therefore, it can make your fridge work harder, and consume more energy because of it. Thus, you have to remind your 7 kids not to open up the fridge a lot. Aside from that, let other members of your household be aware of it, so that they can all help out. 

27. Purchase an air-conditioning system that can help you conserve energy. There are air-conditioning systems today, which are designed to help you conserve energy. One example of it is that, it has a plug that comes with a socket in it, in which you can plug your fan into. With that, once the timer turns off the system, your fan would automatically be turned on, so that you won’t even have to get up of your bed to do it. 

28. Buy more food items to place inside your refrigerator. Keep in mind that a cooling system usually works harder with larger space. Thus, if your refrigerator is half empty, then it needs to consume more energy to cool it down. With that, you should try to consume more space inside your refrigerator, so that you would be able to save energy. 

29. Turn off your computer. Lots of people think that when they turn their computer off and on, it would wear out the system faster. However, it is actually untrue, especially with the newer computers. Thus, it is time to make it a practice to turn off your computer whenever you are not using it, so that you can bring down your electricity bills. 

30. Turn off all heat sources in summer. One of the best ways to minimize heat during the summertime is to turn off all the heat sources inside your place. Some of which would be lights, appliances, and other electrical items. Turning off these things whenever they are not in use would minimize heat inside the house, and would help you save on energy cost. 

31. Use LED for your lighting needs. LED lighting is now being used by a lot of companies, in order for them to reduce their electricity bills. This is because, these types of lighting are energy efficient compared to traditional types. Thus, it is time to make use of such types of lighting, so that you too can enjoy more savings from them. 

32. Add light timers in your place. Reducing the amount of time you make use of the lights inside your place can help a lot when it comes to energy saving. Thus, installing light timers can help you achieve your goal in it. With a timer, you can ensure that the lights in your porch or garage would be turned off, even before you go out of bed. 

33. Energy saving in cooking. Whenever you are trying to cook something with the use of a pot, it is better to make use of the lid for it to conserve energy. By using the lid, it ensures that heat would not go out of the pot and be focused on the food that you are trying to cook. This is actually one of the reasons why the lid is always included whenever you purchase a pot. 

34. Having a swimming pool. A swimming pool can greatly help you during summertime, since it can reduce the amount of time you make use of your air-conditioning system. However, running your pool can also consume lots of energy, especially if you let the water pump run 24 hours a day. To get around it, just let it run for 6 to 8 hours each day instead, so that you can save energy. 

35. Use compact fluorescent light bulbs. Using the traditional incandescent light bulbs use a lot of energy. This is because, aside from providing light, they also produce heat. Thus, it is time to replace them with compact fluorescent light bulbs today, so that you can save more energy. They do not produce heat, and they consume 80 percent less energy. 

36. Motion sensing devices. Motion sensors can help you a lot when it comes to conserving energy. This is because, you can make use of them for your outdoor lighting. With motion sensors, you can ensure that your outdoor lighting would only be used whenever the sensors detect something moving outside your place. 

37. Your furnace filters. Keep in mind that your furnace filters can get dirty in just a matter of time. The dirtier they get, the more energy your furnace fan needs to consume in order to work. Thus, it is best if you replace the furnace filters on a regular basis, so that you can consume less energy. 

38. Give your computer a break. Keep in mind that your computer becomes slower as you fill it up with more and more data. Thus, it is time to clean out unwanted data from it. By doing that, your computer would work faster, which would reduce the time you need to spend in doing something in and it that would result to more energy saved. 

39. Get your family to watch television in the living room. It is quite a usual thing these days for each of the members of the family to have their own television set insider their own rooms. Whenever you are all trying to watch the same TV program though, convince all the members of the family to watch it in the living room. When you do this, you won’t just be saving energy, but it can also give you time to bond with each other. 

40. Buy energy efficient appliances. If you are shopping for appliances, you would realize that in most cases, the energy efficient products are usually more expensive. Although they are, they can actually provide you with more benefits in the long run. Aside from helping you minimize energy consumption, these models usually are also made in higher quality than the others. 

41. Charge your mobile phone’s battery, when it is almost empty. Lots of people today put their mobile phones with its charger every time they arrive at their place, even when the battery is still half full. It is actually a better practice to charge your battery, when it is almost empty, so that you can minimize the number of times that you plug it into the socket. Aside from that, it can also prolong the life of your battery. 

42. Using the right amount of detergent. When you make use of your dishwasher, you should see to it that you are putting just the right amount of detergent. This is because, too much of it 10 or too little can affect your dishwasher’s efficiency. It is time to read the instructions well, so that you can conserve more energy. 

43. Use a dishpan whenever you are hand washing dishes. Hand washing dishes is actually a good way to save energy, especially if there are only few of them that you need to deal with. However, you should not let hot water run continuously whenever you are doing it. To avoid this, you can always make use of a dishpan, in order to hold water. This would not just minimize the energy consumed, but it would also conserve water. 

44. Using an electric oven for cooking. When you are using your electric oven to cook something up, you can always turn it off in advance. In other words, you can turn off the oven even when you are not done cooking yet. There is no need to worry in doing that, since the oven can retain heat. This can also be done when you are just trying to heat your food. 

46. Do not over dry your clothes. Whenever you make use of your washing machine’s dryer, you have to be careful not to over dry your clothes. This is because, over drying them would waste a lot of energy. Aside from that, it can also ruin your clothes if you do it all the time. 

47. Cook barbeque and steaks every weekend. To enjoy your weekends, you can always cook barbeque and steaks with your family. This would reduce the amount of time that you make use of your electric stove and oven. Aside from that, it would also provide you a chance to spend time with your spouse and kids. 

48. Have smaller cooking appliances. Unless you are constantly throwing a party or there are lots of members in your family, you should make use of smaller cooking appliances to save energy. This is because, smaller ones simply consume lesser energy to do the same cooking task. Thus, it is time to make use of the smaller appliances, and use the larger ones only when you really need them. 

49. Moving your refrigerator. Always remember that the temperature around the place where your refrigerator is situated, can affect the appliance’s energy consumption. Thus, it is important that you situate your fridge in a cooler place. Do not let it stand near a cooker or where the sunlight comes in, so that it won’t have to work harder to cool down the food items it contains. 

50. Do not forget to defrost your refrigerator regularly. It is important to defrost your refrigerator on a regular basis. This is because, it can greatly help when it comes to its efficiency. Aside from that, it can also help in prolonging its life. If you don’t want to defrost manually though, then it is best to buy a refrigerator that has an automatic defrosting feature. 

51. Taking a shower instead of a bath. According to a lot of experts, taking a shower actually conserves more energy than taking a bath. To ensure that this is the case though, it is best to make use of low-flow showerheads, instead of the power showers. They provide the same comfort and consume lesser amounts of energy. 

52. Make it a practice to avoid using hot water. Heating water takes a lot of energy, which is why it is best to make it a practice to avoid using it. Lots of people heat water to take a bath. However, if you make it a practice to use regular water, then you can actually get accustomed to it eventually. Thus, if you want to save energy, then you should avoid using hot water from now on. 

53. Insulating your home. Insulating the ceiling and walls in your home can actually help you save about 25 percent of your heating cost. However, it needs to be done properly. Thus, you have to research about it, if you want to do it yourself. On the other hand, you can also hire someone to do it for it you. 

54. Walk. 12 Keep in mind that using your car or motorcycle also requires energy. Thus, if you are trying to get to a place that is just walking distance from your place, then you should avoid using them. Aside from conserving energy, it can also help in saving the environment by using lesser amounts of fossil fuel. 

55. Buy recycled paper products. There are lots of recycled paper products available in the market today. When you purchase them, you are basically saving energy, since it takes about 70 to 90 percent less energy, when it comes to recycling paper. Aside from that, you are also helping in preventing the loss of trees in a worldwide scale. 

56. Do not throw away your shopping bag. Making use of reusable bags when you are shopping can actually help in conserving energy. Aside from that, it can also help in reducing the amount of waste that you introduce to the environment. Thus, it is time to make use of reusable bags, instead of accepting the disposable kinds each time you shop. 

57. Plant a tree in your backyard. When you plant a tree in your backyard, it would eventually provide you with shade, which can reduce your air-conditioning bills during the summer time. Aside from that, it can also minimize the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. Thus, it does not only help you reduce your bills but also help the environment. 

58. Use renewable sources of energy. When you make use of renewable sources of energy for your needs, you would be able to save more money when it comes to your electricity bills. Some of these sources are the wind and solar. This move can also reduce the amount of fossil fuel burned, which is helpful to the environment. 

59. Start a carpool. When you share a ride with your coworkers or friends, it would actually reduce the amount of fuel that you would consume. There is no need to do 13 it every day at the start. You can do it at 2 days in a week at first, and once you get the hang of it, increase the number of times that you do it, so that you can all help in saving energy. 

60. Arrange your furniture items properly. It is important that the air circulation from your cooling or heating equipment is not being blocked by anything. This is to ensure that it works at its maximum efficiency. Thus, you have to arrange your furniture items with that in mind, so that you can ensure lesser energy consumption. 

61. Use your fireplace. During the colder months, do not forget to make good use of your fireplace. By doing that, you won’t have to make use of a lot of energy in order to bring up the temperature inside your place. Just take out the fire though once you go to bed, so that you can also conserve firewood. 

62. Kitchen fans. Whenever it is hot and you have turned on your air-conditioning system, you should not make use of the electric fan that you have in your kitchen. This is because, it can make warm and moist air go towards different parts of your place, and make your AC system work harder. 

63. Clean your air-conditioning systems regularly. Cleaning the filters of your air-conditioning system and cleaning the system itself are two different things. When it comes to cleaning the AC, it is best if you hire someone to do it for you. Do it regularly, so that it would be able to work as efficiently as possible. 

64. Use your pressure cooker. If you don’t have a pressure cooker, then it is time to purchase one. This is because, using a pressure cooker can help you save energy. With a pressure cooker, you would be able to cook food faster, since you would be applying pressure on it, aside from the fact that it would also make the temperature go up fast. 

65. Inspect the indoor and outdoor coils of your air conditioner. There are two coils that you need to inspect regularly when it comes to caring for your air conditioner. The indoor coil should be checked and cleaned always, since it gets wet during the process of cooling, aside from attracting dust. Dirt buildup on it can make the AC work harder, which is why it should be kept cleaned always. This is also the same with the outdoor coil. 

66. Prevent excessive cooling. There are times when you set the thermostat of your air conditioner beyond your desired temperature. You may simply become adjusted to it by using a blanket when you sleep. However, it is best if you bring down the thermostat level instead, since making your room cooler than you need it to be would make you consume more energy. 

67. There is no need to make use of air conditioners during the entire summer season. Although it is summer, there are times when the weather can be milder. It is during these times when you can substitute your air conditioner with just an electric fan. By doing that, you would be able to reduce your energy consumption by 40 to 60 percent. 

68. Choose the right power for your room air conditioner. Room air conditioners are available in different horse powers these days. You can choose from half, one, one and one half, and many more. When it comes to this, you need to consider the size of your room to be able to select the right horse power for your air conditioner. It is best that your AC has just the right power for your room, since too low or too high can make you consume more energy. 

69. Properly installing your air conditioner. It is very important to ensure that professionals are the ones to install your air conditioner. This is because, its installation is a factor that can affect its efficiency. The air conditioner has to be installed on a flat surface, since it would help its drainage system and other mechanisms to work properly. See that it is installed properly, so that you won’t be consuming more energy than you should be. 15 

70. Using a window air conditioner. If you are using a window air conditioner, it is best if you set the fan speed on higher levels. However, if you can feel high humidity, then you should set it to low. Lower fan speed can actually make you feel more comfortable during warmer months, since it can help removing moisture from the air. 

71. Check your car’s tires weekly. You should make sure that your car is fuel efficient, in order to save energy. One of the factors that can affect that is its tires. With that, you need to check the tires of your car weekly, so that you can ensure that it has proper inflation. When that is the case, then you would be able to save energy by making your car more fuel efficient. 

72. Read more books. Reading more books can help you reduce your energy consumption. This is because, it would greatly reduce your time spent in front of your television. With that, it is best if you encourage your kids and your spouse to follow your lead, so that they can all contribute in saving energy. 

73. Do not place your TV set or your lamp near your air conditioning thermostat. It is not a good idea to situate a television set or a lamp near your air conditioning thermostat. This is because, these appliances can give off heat towards the thermostat. When that happens, the thermostat would try to work harder than necessary to cool down your room’s temperature. 

74. Make your company as paper less as possible. Making your company as paper less as possible can help you conserve energy. This is because, each time you need to print something, you would be consuming more electricity. Aside from making your company reduce electricity bills by becoming paper less, you can also help the environment. 

75. Unplug your air conditioner during winter. 16 It is a fact that you won’t be using your air conditioner during the winter times. Thus, it is best if you can unplug it, so that you can ensure that it won’t be consuming any kind of energy. It is also better if you can cover it with something, so that you would be able to preserve its quality. 

76. Do not forget the seal between your AC and your window. It is important to constantly check on the seal between your air conditioner and the frame of your window. This is because, the seal can get easily damaged with moisture. When that happens, the seal can eventually have holes, which would let cool air from your room escape. 

77. Drain water from your hot water tank. Draining water from the hot water tank regularly can help a lot when it comes to saving energy. This is because, sediments inside the tank can reduce the efficiency of your tank. Draining even just a quart of water from the tank once every two to three months would already help a lot. 

78. Cover your foods when you store them inside the refrigerator. It is important to cover or wrap foods that you store inside your refrigerator. This is because, foods that are uncovered can release moisture inside the cooling unit. When that happens, it actually makes the compressor work harder, which means more energy consumed. 

79. See if you have a butter conditioner insider your refrigerator. It is always best to check on your user’s manual, even when it comes to making use of your refrigerator. This is because, it can also help you determine if your unit has a butter conditioner. This part of a refrigerator is actually a heater, and it is best if you can turn it off. 

80. Don’t keep your old refrigerator running. It is possible that you are still using your old refrigerator at your garage, especially in times when you need extra space. However, it would actually serve you better if you just obtain a new unit, even just a small one. This is because, old refrigerators can actually consume a lot of energy, due to their being inefficient. 

81. Attain the ideal temperature for your refrigerator. If you are going to make your refrigerator cooler than you need it to be, then you would be consuming more energy than necessary. With that, you have to take note of the proper temperature for the different parts of it, such as the freezer and the fresh food compartment. To check on their temperatures, just make use of a thermometer for it. 

82. See that your refrigerator’s door seals are tight. You have to make sure that your refrigerator seals are really tight, so that cool air would not escape through it. One of the best things to do for it is to close the door while letting a paper hang half inside the unit and half outside of it. If you can pull the paper out easily, then it means that the door seals are not airtight. 

83. Don’t let your kids leave their TV sets turned on. If your kids have their own rooms and each of the rooms has a TV set inside, then you should make sure that they are turned off when no one is using. With that, you should constantly remind your kids that they have to turn off the TV sets when they leave their rooms. Aside from that, make it a practice to constantly check on their rooms, just to make sure. 

84. Make use of ceiling fans. If you want to have a substitute for air conditioning, you can actually install ceiling fans inside your place for it. Ceiling fans can actually make a room more comfortable by providing sufficient movement of air. Because of that, you won’t have to turn on your air conditioner a lot of times. 

85. What to do with your guest room. Having a guest room inside your house can increase your energy consumption, especially if you don’t make adjustments when you don’t need it. To conserve energy, see to it that the guest room’s light is always turned off. Aside from that, keep in mind that attaining desirable temperature in it would not be needed as well. 

86. Install tempered glass doors for your fireplace. In having a fireplace, you want to make sure that heat loss would be reduced. This is because, if you can achieve that, it means that you would be able to reduce energy consumption of your heating equipment. With that, it is best to install tempered glass doors for your fireplace, so that heat loss is avoided, and efficiency is improved. 

87. Small portable heaters. Making use of portable heaters that are small in size is good if you use it for a shorter period of time. However, if you need heaters for the long haul, then it is best to make use of a baseboard heater for it. This type of heater is best for long term use as it consumes lesser amounts of energy. 

88. It may be time to buy a new thermostat. Always remember that as your thermostat becomes older, its efficiency would also reduce. With that, if you are using an old thermostat, then it may be time to replace it. By using a newer thermostat, you would be saving more energy, which would also help you save money in the long run. 

89. Buying the right heating product. When it comes to buying the right heating product, you should check its features first before making the final decision. Aside from checking on the features of the product, you should also check reviews about it. Reviews can be found online, which can help you decide when you are turned between two products. 

90. Using your dishwasher. It is always best to use your dishwasher with a full load. Doing it this way can help in conserving energy. Aside from that, keep in mind that using a dishwasher actually consumes lesser amounts of water as well as energy than washing the dishes manually. Thus, if you have enough dishes to wash, then use your dishwasher for it. 

91. Use hot water only if it is really necessary. One of the biggest factors that can make your electricity bills spike is the use of hot water. With that, it is best if you only use it if it is absolutely necessary. Thus, when it comes to washing your clothes, only use hot water when you are trying to clean extra dirty ones. 

92. Adjust your washing machine properly. If you are used to washing a lot of clothes with your washing machine, then you may always be setting it a higher levels. Keep in mind that doing this can make your equipment consume more energy. Aside from that, the said setting can also ruin delicate clothes. With that, it is always best to check on the equipment’s settings, so that you won’t be damaging your clothes and wasting energy. 

93. Drying towels. When you try to dry your towels with the use of your washing machine’s dryer, then you would be using more energy. This is because, it would need to work harder, for towels and blankets can become heavy with water. To save energy, then it would be better to dry them on a separate load, or just simply air dry them. 

94. Always read your oven’s manufacturer’s manual. Keep in mind that electric ovens today have different operating features. In other words, there may be features that you can use in order to cook certain types of foods easier. With that, it is best to check on its manual, so that you can ensure that you won’t be using more energy whenever you are cooking. 

95. Try not to open the oven door. Whenever you are cooking up something with your oven, you may be tempted to open its door from time to time. Keep in mind that whenever you open up the door, your oven’s temperature could actually drop by degree Fahrenheit. Thus, you would be making it work harder. Just check on the oven’s timer instead or the clock for its progress. 

96. Turn your drinking water heater off. If you do not need to drink hot water, then you should turn off your drinking water heater. Keep in mind that heating the water constantly would consume a lot of energy. Even if you are not consuming hot water, as long as its turned on, it would still constantly consume energy. 

97. Soak beans overnight. If you are planning to cook beans in the morning for breakfast, then soak them overnight. This is because, soaking it would allow the beans to absorb 20 water. Because of that, the time you would consume in cooking them would be reduced, as well as the energy consumed. 

98. Boiling hot water. When it comes to drinking coffee, you may want to boil water for it. With that, it is best to boil just enough hot water for your needs, so that you would conserve energy. Thus, if you only need a cup of coffee, then boil just a cup of water for it, so that you would save time and energy. 

99. Turn off decorative indoor and outdoor lights. If you have decorative indoor and outdoor lights, then you should turn them off, whenever you don’t need them. Only use these types of lights when you are having a party or you are expecting guests. By doing that, you would not just save energy, but also prolong the lifespan of your lights. 

100. Get the whole family involved. It is best if you get your whole family involved in your quest to conserving energy. This is because, all of you would be consuming energy each day. Talk to them about the benefits of saving energy, as well as the consequences if you would not take action for it. Explain things properly, and make sure to make it clear to them on how you are going to go about it. 


Replace your filters regularly - Close the windows

Replace your filters regularly -  Close the windows
Replace your filters regularly -  Close the windows

Replace your filters regularly. 

Most heating and cooling equipment require clean filters, in order for them to run clean. The filters can also help them in becoming more energy efficient. With that, replacing your filters regularly can help you save a lot in terms of energy consumption. Ask your technician about it, so that you would know when is the best time to do so.

Dirty coils make your appliances consume more electricity. 

Refrigerator coils can get dirty over a certain period of time. In most cases, they can accumulate a lot of dirt within the six month period; and, when that happens, the dirty coil would make your refrigerator work harder in order to achieve its desired temperature. Thus, it is best if you practice cleaning and vacuuming your refrigerator coils every six months or so, so that you won’t have to endure higher electricity bills.

Close the windows. 

Whether you need to achieve lower or higher temperature inside your house, it is best if you close your windows. This is because, open windows would make your cooling or heating equipment require more energy to serve you better. When you close the windows, your equipment would not work too hard, which means it can help you save energy.

Make it a practice to turn off the lights in your room - Tips To Save Energy

 Make it a practice to turn off the lights in your room - Tips To Save Energy
Lots of people today leave their bedrooms without turning the lights off. Although lights do not consume much electricity, lots of energy would be wasted if you constantly left them turned on for the most parts of the day, even if you are not inside the room. Thus, make it a practice to turn off the lights, so that you can save energy.
 Make it a practice to turn off the lights in your room - Tips To Save Energy
 Make it a practice to turn off the lights in your room - Tips To Save Energy

It begins with your commitment - Tips To Save Energy

If you want to save energy, you have to be committed enough in doing the necessary things for it. Without your commitment, you may not become mindful of you actions, which can directly or indirectly affect your overall energy consumption. Thus, you have to be committed, so that you can see results on it. 
It begins with your commitment - Tips To Save Energy


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200W Audio Amplifier Circuit

Circuit description: Connecting two TDA2030 thru cheap power transistors we can create a amplifier wich can deliver a higher power. Wi...

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