1/15/2014

Home made Subwoofer

Theory and measurements of speaker parameters


     To calculate the column you need to know at least the basic parameters of the speakers. These parameters shaft lie on the internet, but the trouble is that one and all, give implausible parameters for 75GDN-1-4 (for others I do not know). One of the sites I found a scanned passporton this speaker, so I believe these parameters more. It must have reasons, one of them - that such heads produced a whole bunch of plants and quite a long time and Soviet industry, so that over time may have changed settings. But the fact that they have changed as it turned out 2 times! And the parameters of the directories in the calculation of the program, the volume of the box gets 5 liters, it's me and guarded. By the way, almost all the articles I have read have been recommending measures its dynamics parameters. The decision to remove the parameters of its dynamics was made after a week of trouble with calculation programs saba (despite the terrible lazy to do it), which found that these parameters have a profound effect on the size of the box and on the AFC respectively. In order to understand what parameters are needed and what they eat, and how to get them makarom not having at hand intelligent instrumentation and will be discussed in this chapter. Will write briefly who wants to - can read in more detail in the accompanying literature from which the material was collected.
     It may seem strange, but the speaker is mainly characterized by three parameters proposed by Till and Small:
Fs - the resonance frequency in the open space;
Qts - total quality factor of the speaker;
Vas - equivalent volume.


Fs - is the resonant frequency of the speaker without any acoustic design. She measured and - speaker hung in the air as far away from other objects, so that now his response will depend only on its own characteristics - the mass of the moving system and suspension stiffness.

Qts - the ratio of the transfer function of the dynamics of frequency Fs to the transfer function at frequencies where the amplitude-frequency characteristic (AFC) of the horizontal dynamics, ie at frequencies above Fs. In other words, Qts-characterizes the efficiency of the speaker at the resonant frequency.

Vas - volume of air that has flexibility (the reciprocal of the elasticity) such as dynamic and flexible system. When placing the speaker in a closed box (Wl) flexibility of the air inside the box is added to the flexibility of the mobile system dynamics and its resonant frequency changes.There is the following pattern when placed in a box speaker volume Vas its resonance frequency and Q factor Qts Fs increased 1.4 times. Measure these parameters at the first look at the design gemoroyno pretty, but having done it once - all doubts disappear - everything is quite prosto.Dlya First you need to prepare:
   Download a program signal generator for sound card download Marchand Function Generator : 
- You can even download Oscilloscope 2.51 - oscilloscope sound card. Connect the output to    the input - you can see that the generator gets up 
- Find a 1k resistor
- To take the car stereo at least a power amplifier, because it is necessary to strengthen        
the signal itself first, and then the measurement signal 
- Take a digital voltmeter desirable Schaub not recalculate and pereschelkivat ranges. I took the analog and digital, and compared the results for verification.

Next you need to collect the following scheme:
Next:
Take a pen and paper

Run the program generator, the volume on the computer set to the middle (otherwise squared off any turns), the rest of the amp will recover.

Connect the voltmeter to the points A and C (ie to the output amp), and set equal to the voltage of 10-20 V at 500-1000 Hz, adjust the volume on the amplifier.
Connect the voltmeter to points B and C (ie, the speaker).

Put on ~ 5Hz generator and retractable speakers away from all objects and walls (can be hung, if I can). Practice has shown that far from the objects lying on the floor and the speaker still gives different readings, but minor, but the purity of the experiment affected.
Changing the frequency of the oscillator look voltmeter reading - we are interested in the maximum and minimum voltage. Approximately near the resonant frequency voltage increases and decreases sharply after. Look at the maximum voltage frequency - this is Fs.
So we already have makarom Fs. Changing the frequency of upward relative to Fs, we find the frequency at which the voltmeter constant and much less than Us (with further increase in the frequency of the voltage starts to increase again). We write this value, Um. Better to repeat the procedure with decreasing frequency. 

According to these records get around this schedule:


Where, Fs - resonant frequency and its corresponding voltage Us. Um - the minimum voltage, U12 is calculated in Excel-e, after entering data in a cell. Once again we turn and look when frequency voltmeter readings coincide with the value of U12, memorize the frequency. Such values ​​should be two, as can be seen from the graph. It will be F1 and F2. Incorporate them into Excel. All - see value Qts. I made two calculation methods for checking the correctness of what I counted :) eventually agreed indications and small difference error calculations.Vas can not be considered, and take from the data, it looks like the truth, and this option does not affect the calculation of the box. In addition, to calculate it you will have to build a plywood box, hard enough and sealed, and then repeat the measurements. If you still have the desire to calculate Vas - read in the source code how to do it. I set myself the goal to create something like the outline of the material that I read, so discard unnecessary, and for a deep study of the question - after all links cite material. So we took the dynamics parameters. For 75GDN-1-4 that's what happened:

Toll dynamics
Reference parameters (from the Internet)
Fs3425
Qts0.460.21
Vasnot measured80



The most important parameter is the Qts. As opposed to you? TWICE! I must say that I downloaded about a dozen guides to the speakers, the other options they have fluctuated, but this was surprisingly stable. What trust then people ...

Go further. Now you have to choose the type of box where all this can be good shove. And then we just come in handy the exact parameters of the dynamics.

The most common types of acoustic design of all three:



Type boxZakrytyyYaschik 
(Wl) 
Closed 

dinamic56-3.gif
Fazoinvertor 
(FI) 
Vented 

dinamic56-25.gif
Bandpass (BP) 
4th and 6th order 
Bandpass 

dinamic56-26.gifdinamic56-4.gif
The selection criterionQts <0.8-1.0, optimally 0.7 
Fs / Qts = 50
Qts <0.6, optimum - 0.39 
Fs / Qts = 85
Fs / Qts = 105
Distinguishing features
This is the most simple to manufacture the type of acoustic design speakers.
With the simplicity of design has many advantages, but K.P.P smallest compared to any other type of acoustic design - as a consequence of the need and possible nehily power speaker output failure (from excessive effort :)
To calculate the characteristics there is only one parameter - the volume of a box.
In its operating range bass reflex speaker creates quite hothouse conditions, and exactly at the frequency of the oscillation amplitude adjustment is minimal, and most of the sound emitted by a tunnel. Allowable maximum input power here, and the distortion introduced by the speaker - on the contrary, are minimal.

Fazoinvertor much more capricious in selecting and adjusting as choice for a particular speaker, already subject to three parameters: the volume of a box, cross-section and length of the tunnel.
Champion efficiency.

By selecting the appropriate volume and tuning frequency of the anterior chamber, we can construct a subwoofer with a high bandwidth, but limited impact, ie the bell will be low and wide as you can - with a very narrow bandwidth and high efficiencyin this band.
Bandpass - capricious thing to calculate and most time-consuming to produce. But buried inside the speaker - less risk of damage to the speaker and virtually eliminates the need for a bandpass filter (although in practice it turned out - that still desirable)





Wl I immediately dismissed - why do I need a column with low efficiency? Speaker, and so not the most powerful - denomination 50W, 75W maximum. Moreover, the pressure inside the column nehily created, which requires special containment. And parameter Fs / Qts is not suitable for my speaker. However, it Wl and the smallest box of all - it can sometimes be important.
FI and I would not do for three reasons: 1) we need a super smooth hole and then do something to close it, otherwise my child immediately condemn speaker 2) should be put to filter cutoff frequencies above 200Hz, otherwise 75GDN further does not sound cool. 3) normal downturn bottoms was obtained by wild-box size 120-150l (another closet in the apartment), I would have kicked his wife with this subwoofer :) BUT! Fs / Qts = 74, i.e. speaker is most suitable for FI and bottoms gives great while, but that's SIZE 8 (. Here it should be noted that for single bandpassov fit virtually the same dynamics as for the phase inverter. Bandpass approached me and liked the most. Filters do not need to - he filter housing. Speaker hidden inside - not protknesh. And calculations programs showed the best results when opportune size ...

Calculation and design of the box

Calculations showed Bandpassa in relatively good size and decent downturn bottoms, but still decline strongly dependent on the volume and had to compromise slightly reducing box to 65l. Calculations I spent in three programs, so check the correctness of what I built. The results are almost converged. I used WinISD 0.44 , WinISD Pro Aplha and  JBL SpeakerShop or  BassBox (find 10 differences is called). I liked most the first prog, the second was terribly buggy (on it and Alpha), but in some ways useful, third - just confirmed my calculations (it is very awkward interface - bad to change parameters on the fly, choosing values ​​for the size of the cells and Bass reflex, and after each download you need to switch to the metric system). So what happened - looking graphics (take project files can be more):

Here we see compared BP and FI. When equal volumes box FI significantly inferior Bandpassu. And vice versa for large.So if you want to fuck a new wardrobe at home - you should look at the FI. About hump in the middle below. And almost the same in the JBL SS:

Here a little less than the amount in the FI, but still it is 2 times more reduced BP. BP is also scope for critical, can be made large, thus reducing the gap in the middle of recession and improving on bottoms.
Calculation reduces engine capacity in the selection of cameras and frequencies for which they are set, and of checking the AFC. I think the other three graphs you will not worry :).
Dip in the middle is not cleaned well, no - such a speaker :). To increase the volume, I did not want to go, I had to fit into the room, by the way rather big box anyway. But I think such a failure can be ignored - because failure to 3dB is very small (just schedule stretched in height), and given the frequency response of the speaker to 10dB, something about it just be forgotten. Besides, it is still an idealized frequency response, everything in life is much more complicated and confusing :) The failure can be made smaller if narrow frequency, but I wanted to hold on to 200Hz frequency response, which is not entirely successful, but certainly got 150Hz :). I will note here - the middle is still heard in sabe through thick hole so that the active filter does not hurt that I was then performed in amps.
Fazoinvertor payment reduces to the specification of the internal diameter of the pipe in meters and validating the value "Vent mach" to green when turn red - bad - too much air flow, ie it is not a subwoofer, and a musical instrument "pipe." Here it is necessary to look at the length of the phase inverter to it all together in a box, and it is desirable to finally up the middle. I could not be written off in size, for increasing the diameter, for proper airflow, long phase immediately became nemerjannyh. The length and diameter depend on the frequency to which the tuned phase - so the game can be more and frequency. When etoi will change the frequency response, consider this.
First, the sub was made with the same pipes, the benefit of the top, just the program shows less resistance to air, but after assembly at 100W amp and tapping it turned out - after ~ 50W began effect exhaust air (claps) just in the upper compartment (the smallest but ). Had all apart and cut out a big hole under tooolstuyu pipe 105mm inside than I butt almost fit into the camera height - 2cm left. If we consider that there should still vperet silencer - it's very small margin. I use sewer pipe plastic. Here I note that there is a 70mm tube, but they are not as shaft 50mm and 105mm. With the increase of the upper phase, immediately began to work better lower. 50mm really do not recommend to put - for such fools is very small. Bottom line is - for saba dimensions of the elements most important.


Downstairs in the windows lists all parameters dynamics, but it can take in the project files for both programs: for WinISD and JBL SpeakerShop .

Well, the volume defined, it is time to calculate the box and design. As I am doing my work on the debt 3D modeling, so I did - took the SolidWorks software, and built there a 3D model. If you notice - in the design of the site also enabled 3D graphics :) The program will calculate the volume of me. Similarly, do it yourself is difficult because all the connecting bars to eat a decent amount of design and construction had to invent and change on the fly. Another problem was the material and its thickness, and the program allows you to see immediately the size of each element, given as a time sheet thickness and dock with each other, ie I automatically get the size of each element.
Separately about the material. Well about MDF I did not even think, though of course the best option. The task was to find 20-22mmi particleboard, but it was almost impossible. The most common 18mm or 16mm chipboard laminated polish. 16mm small, and laminated on both sides, probably bad for sound, besides get expensive. Then I realized, as did the right thing, not buying laminated chipboard. And the usual 18mm could not be found about 1.5 weeks. Those that were in the shops - it is impossible doperet home for much large sheet. I have phoned all office and walked in all markets. Nerves began to take - I'm almost sorry that contacted the subwoofer, for all but the material box, it was already bought. Began to think about how to glue 16mm particleboard and plywood 4mm, but did not want to glue hard - it does take a special glue and press sickly. And then call from a friend asked me to help bring him home cement. So, while we ran looking for cement and its owners throughout the industrial area, we chanced upon the sale of office and sawing the very notorious Polish laminated chipboard. As the pads in shelves, they lay 22mm chipboard sheets. But the owner was not and had to wait ... Searching again hosts cement and not finding them :) We are back to the CPD. The owner has not given 22mm, arguing that it is difficult to pull out, and they have already caved type (short pull was too lazy) and offered me a 28mm. It's cool, I thought, and refused to looking at these a thick sheets. And then he offered me a 18mm prime polished chipboard - it is used as a transport for laminated sheets (top and bottom). So, all good, with sawing on imported machine, cost me $ 5 (cut $ 0.3 / m). Since he had never drunk - rovnenko, exactly the right size. Draw your own conclusions ...
Yeah, what was I saying? Oh yeah - on the box. Look what happened:



Downstairs in the windows lists all parameters dynamics, but it can take in the project files for both programs: for WinISD and JBL SpeakerShop .

Well, the volume defined, it is time to calculate the box and design. As I am doing my work on the debt 3D modeling, so I did - took the SolidWorks software, and built there a 3D model. If you notice - in the design of the site also enabled 3D graphics :) The program will calculate the volume of me. Similarly, do it yourself is difficult because all the connecting bars to eat a decent amount of design and construction had to invent and change on the fly. Another problem was the material and its thickness, and the program allows you to see immediately the size of each element, given as a time sheet thickness and dock with each other, ie I automatically get the size of each element.

Separately about the material. Well about MDF I did not even think, though of course the best option. The task was to find 20-22mmi particleboard, but it was almost impossible. The most common 18mm or 16mm chipboard laminated polish. 16mm small, and laminated on both sides, probably bad for sound, besides get expensive. Then I realized, as did the right thing, not buying laminated chipboard. And the usual 18mm could not be found about 1.5 weeks. Those that were in the shops - it is impossible doperet home for much large sheet. I have phoned all office and walked in all markets. Nerves began to take - I'm almost sorry that contacted the subwoofer, for all but the material box, it was already bought. Began to think about how to glue 16mm particleboard and plywood 4mm, but did not want to glue hard - it does take a special glue and press sickly. And then call from a friend asked me to help bring him home cement. So, while we ran looking for cement and its owners throughout the industrial area, we chanced upon the sale of office and sawing the very notorious Polish laminated chipboard. As the pads in shelves, they lay 22mm chipboard sheets. But the owner was not and had to wait ... Searching again hosts cement and not finding them :) We are back to the CPD. The owner has not given 22mm, arguing that it is difficult to pull out, and they have already caved type (short pull was too lazy) and offered me a 28mm. It's cool, I thought, and refused to looking at these a thick sheets. And then he offered me a 18mm prime polished chipboard - it is used as a transport for laminated sheets (top and bottom). So, all good, with sawing on imported machine, cost me $ 5 (cut $ 0.3 / m). Since he had never drunk - rovnenko, exactly the right size. Draw your own conclusions ...

Yeah, what was I saying? Oh yeah - on the box. Look what happened:


How do you know this 3D model. Length fazoinvertor seen in the screenshots above programs and is 19cm high and 25cm lower, inner diameters, respectively 105mm and 70mm. In a rear wall of the hole socket connectors. As the legs are manufactured in a factory and the spikes of hardened steel. I chose the size to your liking. In articles found people did spikes 2 times more, and I did not want to put much high subwoofer to the spikes were not visible, because the design and not so low. Spikes need 4, 3 stands I tried - terribly unstable design. It can be dispensed in three columns, as they are not deep, and the center of gravity in front of them. Height spikes dub plate, she needed only one, then checked with a known flat surface (the back wall).


Build box

Cutout holes in the chipboard I omit, we assume that they are cut. I cut out all the jigsaw. Without it, the pipe was probably used to me. Cant they too cool crop, one bad - it is incredibly buzzing.


Assembling the middle and bottom shelves. I pre-rounded top inner edge of the timber. Bruce 20x30mm 45mm long screws attached. For screws I always drillhole advance. The entire assembly was put on wooden nodes EXTRA PVA - PVA is thicker for a stronger bonding. All angles are greased with silicone sealant for wood - it is harder than usual for glasses, etc. But I think it is possible and in any.
Fasten the sides to the inner side of the bars with 35mm screws. Middle shelf should vymeryat quite smoothly. And do not forget the glue. To fasten the front side walls and timber. Obtained beams, front, around the perimeter of the large chamber.

Glue the front of the phase inverter. I pasted them with liquid metal - such multicomponent solid garbage, the smell as the epoxy. She kneaded her hands, turns like plasticine - soft and terribly lipnuschaya. Hardens almost instantly as soon cools, and if not cool anyway hardens after 5-10 minutes, so with it I shot it with a pumice stone and then with the skin :) I've been doing around the radius of the bulge at the base to secure the - they still stick away. In addition, the ideal is precisely cut hole jigsaw I personally did not work, and these are just wonderfully uneven Lead liquid metal. Tubes I wrapped windowed paper tape in layers 5-7, very tight all smoothing. Then paste over them with linoleum with insulation. Thickness mm commercials phase turned 7.


Fasten the front wall to the inner side of the bars 35mm screws.
At the top of it to fasten the corners for greater rigidity. I used plastic furniture with a lid.



Install the speaker on the sealant, bolted (can not remember the size). Coat with a good circle - on white photograph shows sealant. Fluster wires. In the rear wall I attached connector assembly. Now all this must okleit sound absorber. Many material options. I used foam insulation with linoleum, and then, in the end, thick sintepon ~ 2.5-4cm, which in addition to pasting, also fluffed up into a large chamber. To the top of the rear wall and also have to glue the linoleum. You can paste over several layers. Good stuff thick batting, but to get it I could not.

Put the top cover back on the sealant, no glue - then again they might have to shoot. I screwed them furniture coupler Allen - great gizmo attaches extremely durable, important not to disrupt, if tightening the drill as I am. Crepe-to-end, there must be careful with DSP - it can and flake. Ties for first drilled one long hole, and then bolted to the hole increases more drill. Two tie front top in the front wall, or rather the rest of the top cover and the rear just around the perimeter and in the center. As can be seen on ledges attracted sealant and attracted well.





More photos on the first option, with a small upper phase inverter and synthetic padding has not pasted. In the future, I papered with linoleum and bars too. It was, so to speak, the first test build, so listen - sounds or not. Rang. But yet I have only had power to 25W, it was fine until ....Then I threw the whole thing and began to gather on the 100W amp, it was necessary to check the design to the maximum possible. And not for nothing I feared more powerful amplifier - and here it was discovered that the maximum upper phase squelching, but the case has been sealed from the first time - no wonder I missed soundly all seams and corners with sealant. I had to disassemble the entire structure, to cut a big hole and put a thicker pipe. Here I have all "insulated" completely synthetic padding. Inside was like in the snow soft, white and warm.What can I say, it sounded quite good - smooth soft bass. At maximum volume amp speaker begins pereklinivaet already, but we must take into account that his denomination 50W. For apartments above the roof missing, the more that it should not be heard in the music, just when his hem - both the volume and the music added such a solid low sound. In short - the good work ...

The entire structure, I plan to paste the film under a tree. But first we must putty and sanded the edges - just as I do not cut on the machine, as I did not try to carefully collect all - all the same total error of 0.5-1mm still present. That's why still poorly laminated chipboard, because he must immediately glue on the end of the tape - in short, will be crooked.

And the feasibility of the construction itself, one could argue, looking at the costs ...

speaker 75GDN-1-4$ 23.32
Particleboard$ 5.18
mounting socket (jack)$ 2.33
fasteners (screws)$ 3.11
linoleum$ 5.39
sintepon$ 3.11
timber$ 1.04
wire$ 3.89
70mm pipe$ 2.59
105mm pipe$ 2.59
paint$ 5.13
film$ 7.77
putty for wood$ 1.40
glue Moment$ 1.24
PVA glue$ 1.30
sandpaper$ 3.89
spikes$ 2.59
liquid metal$ 3.11
trimsI dream about them until
Only$ 78.96


It's certainly not $ 300. But I note - is inactive subwoofer. For comparison with the purchase, it is necessary to add here preamplifier with a tunable filter, amplifier and phase shifter things at 100W, and about the power supply must not forget (probably the most expensive in it).Since I decided to collect power to 6 channels at once, I did not bother inserting amplifier subwoofer. Still inside the body vibration is large, and the tightness of the box with ventilation amplifier combine hard. General power, it's a thankless job - terribly much trouble. I do this without showing heroism, maybe. 
Original sourse cxem.net


1/14/2014

More about Subwoofer

About subwoofer
     
     At the last meeting we talked about it, how to make the system of AV-all that it can do. And it was regarded as a single unit, a kind of building. However, every building should have a proper foundation. Its role in the complex plays AV-woofer. After all, nothing gives your home theater more charm than a deep, powerful bass. Know how the law of meanness? Here is an example. Having spent a bunch of hard-earned money on a home theater system, you buy the newest gunman. Invite all friends and acquaintances "treat yourself" achievements of cinema and computer graphics ... But, alas, your efforts are in vain. What's the matter? Well, at least that the explosion at the beginning of "Lethal Weapon 2" is more like dry twigs crackling underfoot unlucky trapper from some parody of a western, and the pace of the tyrannosaur "Jurassic Park" - timid little steps to baby. And after a sip of beer one of your friends in a fit of drunken candor admits: "Yes, surround sound is fine, that's just not enough bass ..." And that you like salt on the wound and you feel like an idiot - and are willing to pay for half of my life this is the bass.

Fatal Attraction?


"Oh, bass, how much in it for the sound of worlds hearts! .." That it considers most lovely films (especially beginners), rests the real sound.The rest, according to them, - nonsense. To hell with the localization and natural tonal balance. Loud, powerful, deafening bass - that "clings" amateurs in full home theater system. Whether it's a shot from a gun in John By, the explosion in the last series "Die Hard", taking off rumble of "Apollo 13" or sounds of an orchestra, performing gavotte in "Sense and Sensibility" - really good bass is the foundation of all sound, endowing it with life-giving drama and the ability to influence, possible only in the best theaters.In the evolution of the human ear is tuned in a certain way. That is why our hearing is most sensitive in the midrange, to which the speech and other sounds of people (for example, a baby crying). In antediluvian times low, rumbling sounds meant danger (earthquake, storm. Growling giant beasts with sharp fangs, etc.), so they now cause the body to secrete adrenaline. Thus, our love for deep bass - it's actually love the thrill.But there is also another explanation overuse bass. As a rule, "hurt" people start home theater after attending relevant exhibitions or shopping salon, and there is usually a sub cut in the whole hog - to produce killer impression on the visitor. Many people think that just has to be at home.

Dance from the stove

Sounds are vibrations in the air. Causes them all, which can cause the air in motion - from the atomic bomb to the vibrations of a mosquito wing - and, of course, speaker cone vibrations. Electrical signals cause it to move forward or backward. With every movement compresses the diffuser or dilution air, and this compression / vacuum propagates at the speed of sound. The faster it occurs, the above sound. Pitch (or frequency) is the number of cycles of compression and expansion in the second. They are called hertz (in honor of the famous German physicist Heinrich Hertz, rather than Herzen, who, in the words of Lenin, the Decembrists awakened).We perceive sounds are in the range from about 16 Hz to 18,000 Hz (18 KHz). Meanwhile, most of the manufacturers of speakers lead easier to memorize the range 20 Hz - 20 kHz, although sounds above 18 kHz captured only dogs, bats and people who rarely leave their homes silence. Unfortunately for men, the highest part of the spectrum is no longer available for us in the transition to adulthood, with the purchase of the first tube of aftershave, while women in middle age and retain the ability to hear high frequencies well. But on the opposite end of the spectrum, most people there is no problem: even the old distinction frequencies below 20 Hz.The second, and last, physical factor, important for hunters deep bass is a logarithmic quantity - decibels (dB). Decibels, among other things, show the sound pressure level. True, there is a catch: this level measurements are not absolute, but relative. Worse, when the sound pressure level of our hearing changes its sensitivity. However, there is a standard decibel scale, which is taken as zero threshold of hearing, and for the maximum - the so-called pain threshold (it exceeds the threshold of hearing is about ten million times and is 140 dB). Perhaps this is an over-simplification, but if we remember that for most average amateur home movie norm - 75 - 100 dB and that according to this scale, the addition of 6 dB means a doubling of the volume of the rest can be forgotten.
     
Asset or liability?
To get a real bass in a home theater, you want a subwoofer that is woofer. It can be embedded either in two front speakers, either in their stand, and can be a single device capable of installation almost anywhere in the room as deep bass - omnidirectional sound radiation.Thanks to the last factor eliminates the need for a stereo pair of subwoofers: To get the sound of excellent quality is often only one. It's all clear.The problem lies elsewhere. What should be the subwoofer - active or passive?Passive subwoofers are usually designed for a specific set of speakers and usually addressed to the market economy system. Their main advantage is that they allow you to use smaller main speakers (satellites) and do not require the presence of additional main amplifier outputs. The most serious drawback of passive constructions is their inability to reproduce the elementary enough deep bass. However, sometimes the blame should not subwoofer and amplifier, which lacks "silenok" to shake and satellites, and a subwoofer. That is why the company for several years Technics produces not only a five-, six-channel amplifiers but also for home theater equipped with the expectation of connection is inexpensive passive subwoofer (the last example - model SA-AX7. Considered by us in number 3/2000 on page 79 ).Active subwoofer has a built-in amplifier and controls that allow to change the volume and cutoff frequency, which allows the unit to coordinate with any pair of main speakers. The advantages of active passive subwoofer before - car and small truck. Since in this case the amplifier built-in, it is optimal for a particular speaker, which eliminates many potential problems. Active models improve the sound of any speakers, so you can not change the past, and the existing regulators allow taking into account the specific features of your room. Two shortcomings - relatively high cost and the need for the individual output of the amplifier. Recently, however, prices have dropped significantly, and if your home theater yet active subwoofer, then you are behind the times.


Where lay the foundation?

remind you once again: no matter how well designed acoustically nor was your "cinema", he willy-nilly become a kind of equalizer, reinforcing one frequency and weakening others. This effect is determined by the resonant frequencies of the premises (in fact the acoustic properties determined by the space much larger number of factors, but in this case the simplification not affect the essence of the problem), which in turn depend on the length, width and height. The fact that the room in sound reproduction are constant regions of high and low sound pressure (standing waves). No prizes for guessing that the definition of the optimal place for a subwoofer (as well as the spectator seats) produced either by trial and error, or requires the use of enormous computing power and graduate in the field of acoustics.Optimal location of subwoofer is try to distance it from the TV, so it does not affect the picture tube.



Decent option for oblong room - if you can put the subwoofer at least a couple of meters from the site viewers. General advice: put the subwoofer away from the audience, but not to the corner (aka anything not guilty).Trial and error method is very simple but it takes a lot of time. Put the disk or tape with the deep bass that you can only find, and play it, rearranging the subwoofer from place to place. After each permutation sit in "the viewing" chair and rate occurred with the sound changes. If you are still in doubt, take the basis of the manufacturer's recommendations. When you come to the conclusion that there's nowhere better, check out some movies, make sure you are on track, and then enjoy the results. However, let me give you some "subtle observations of life." First, most beginners either cut in theater subwoofers on the volume too high, or "putting on" the cutoff frequency. In short, if it appears that the sound in the film "The Piano" is more suited to a tape "Terminator 2" or the subwoofer emits fierce growl when playing the bass note of the most modest, turn down the volume. Secondly, if possible, try to arrange the sub around the same wall where the TV stands, to avoid phase shift LF waves from the rest. Third, leave some space between the TV and subwoofer, as the latter are hidden inside large and destructive for the magnets. Fourth, most of the recommendations given by manufacturers AV-amplifiers and processors, in my opinion, incorrect. These devices are usually equipped with linear "subwoofer" output, which is supplied with prefiltered through a low-pass filter signal. Meanwhile, the active subwoofer is equipped with a line input on the same filter. As a result, when you connect two signal by linear low-pass filter are connected in series, and the total response is simply unpredictable. Best served in a special "high-level" full-range subwoofer input signal "columnar" amplifier output. One last tip (it only applies to those who are quite desperate): Setting feeble subwoofer in a corner of the room can be a little "pull" the middle and upper bass.

Bass Wisdom Bass

What do we mean by this word? The answer will have to look in the Hi-Fi-field, in fact it is the ancestor of a home theater. It turns out that the bass are divided into three octaves, and overlapping. By the octave from 20 Hz to 40 Hz are deep bass (here come the lowest organ notes), the octave from 40 to 80 Hz is known as mid range (they are extracted from the bass drum), and the octave from 80 to 160 Hz range is called high bass ( Hear cello and bassoon). Everything below 20 Hz. we feel more than hear, here you will not be able to distinguish the pitch or sound repeated, of course, if you do not live in the Cathedral.

Friendly
Actually this fad bass terminology. The word "attack" is not quite appropriate, and is used because low frequencies are more slow transients compared with the top. Meanwhile, the difference between "slow" and "fast" sounding bass systems, often in another not definable, is the difference between the "pecking on the brain" and forced to listen spellbound. 



Most adjectives that describe a good bass. can be used as compliments skillful drummer word, it means the opposite, concepts associated with obesity and sluggishness. So, if the sound of the explosion to mind the definition of "fast", "clear", "clean", "live", "stressful", "tight" or "fine" - perhaps you are dealing with a decent system if the I recall the words "hollow", "bold", "overloaded", "fat", "loose", "fuzzy", "slow", "quiet" or "deaf" - it's time to "go away leg." 

Weight category:

When it comes to the amount of something, such as the bass, and we want to use the term "weight". If the system lacks bass, it's called "lean" and "skimpy". And if the bass in excess, say the sound of the complex "bold" and "inflated". When the bass is OK, the system is called "pull" and "muscular". 

Dynamics
If the system is able to discriminate between loud and quiet bass notes, and does not sound "like out of a barrel," then apply to it used the word "cotton", "bang" and even "energy" - all in a positive sense. Surprisingly, there are no negative characteristics. I'll try to come up with something myself. How would you like, say, a "sounds. Chews like glass"? 

Depth

Speaking of subs, commentators often use the term "deep bass." This means only how "deep" the lower limit of the frequency range. The system is not able to reproduce the deepest bass tones, called "slaughtered", and one that it can, is the proud title of "extended". 

Overlap
Each set of speakers, including a "beeper", midrange and woofer, there are points of the frequency range, where the imposition of a single speaker surround sound on the other. They are called points of overlap. So if the speaker midrange "clipped" at 90 Hz. and the subwoofer has a range of 40 to 150 Hz, then somewhere in the region of 100 Hz most of the sound moves from speaker to the subwoofer midrange. This frequency is called frequency overlap. Most speakers are equipped with circuit components which emits a signal that allows a smooth transition from one speaker to another. This scheme is called crossover or crossover. 

Bass - to taste

Without quality bass impossible any home theater or audio system worthy of attention ... If you decide to purchase a sub, go to his choice with full responsibility. Unsuccessful model becomes almost useless when it comes to playing bass - better to spend money on a pair of larger and better main speakers. Fortunately, just overwhelmed with lovely shops subwoofers for every taste and for any price, just reach out. 

Model for less than $ 400

Energy e: XL16 ($ 300). Although not a very high price, it includes a 40-inch woofer and a 300-watt amplifier MOSFET. Crossover reconstructed on any frequency in the range 50 - 100 Hz. and, if desired, you can connect an external EQ or active filter, for which there is a separate entrance. To facilitate coordination with the rest of the acoustics provided phase control in a very wide range (from 0 to 180 deg.).This subwoofer is not a lot of competitors, and they are designed for either a midi-systems (Aiwa TS-W5), or cost about 35% more expensive (Velodyne CT-80). Those who are on a tight budget, I would advise to buy the main speakers as large as possible, but if you have a small room and you recently purchased a new compact speakers, e: XL16 - what you need in most cases. 

<$ 600

REL Q-50 ($ 500). Today it is the most inexpensive production model REL. It is unpretentious, but reproduces deep bass very well. Her closest rival, more elegant in appearance KEF 20B (also $ 500), comes with an integrated 70-watt amplifier and unlike 0-50 is magnetically shielded. Decent bass also demonstrates the company PSW120 Polk ($ 480). He is somewhat preferable due to better quality / price as cause rumble in the power of any home theater system. 

<$ 900

REL Q-100 ($ 850). Beautiful, deep bass, good quality / price ratio, acceptable appearance and a big name - that combines this unit. He is able to reach such depths of bass that your home theater system and zagrohochet growl. However, it should warn REL she had here are formidable opponents in the face of exquisite Tannoy 625 ALFie ($ 900), unpretentious, but bass Mission 75AS ($ 800), and small in size but great in all other M & K VX-7B ($ 675). Each of these models is quite a decent alternative. 

When the price does not matter

Be careful, very careful. "Price does not matter" - these four short word can mean for the designer more than anything else. If you absolutely need the best in the world subwoofer, carefully examine the possibility of REL Studio ($ 4000), M & K MX-100 ($ 2,200), KEF AV1 ($ 3500), Revel Sub 15 ($ 2800 - 5200), as well as models of firms B & W, Bag End, Linn, Meridian and Muse. The cheapest of these subwoofers lighten your wallet at least $ 2,000, but if you really want to overspend, and you can spend twice as much. In that case, if you need to save your money and place note EnergyMicrostar 12.1 ($ 1600). This cube with a side of 40 cm can bellow so that not seem a little - his half kilowatt power! Kevlar woofer digital amplifier, plus all sorts of bells and whistles sound and custom make it very attractive for high-end theaters. In the UK, one of the masters of bass company occupies a special position - it is not one, but several heads above the rest. This REL.Perhaps no one manufacturer of subwoofers was not met here also welcome and not won so many prizes. Why is this so and who is the creator of success REL? Look at the end of the eighties. A man named Richard Lord gets retired with full honors. And instead of having to start the regular life and rest on our laurels, Richard Lord let his savings to develop and create the simplest woofers for Hi-Fi-Systems. Thus was born the first subwoofers REL. Of course, conservative by nature Hi-Fi-industry refused to recognize the usefulness of such devices, and formed the view that they are not even devilish offspring, but only slightly better. Therefore, in early 1990 the dream of Richard Lord of bass on bass everywhere, seemed distant. Fortunately, life suddenly burst into a home theater, need bass in the oceans, and a place in the history of the REL was determined. REL formula is simple, but devastatingly effective. Each subwoofer has a large subwoofer, heavy, "stocky" body and a power amplifier MOSFET. capable of receiving a signal of a corresponding linear amplifier output or directly from the "columnar" outputs. Regulators for the subwoofer quite a bit - they control only the volume, cut-off frequency and phase. About the latter can safely forget after the initial installation.There are also four "heel" hindering jerking machine, whatever stood on top of him. - So that the subwoofer is more like an impromptu table than on the AV-part system. The formula remains the same at all levels of REL-hierarchy: each simply "superior" model of larger, more powerful and better. Most subwoofers other companies omitted, at least. one of the elements of the formula REL and often this is done in an attempt to keep a lid on the retail price. This approach inevitably leads to lower quality and product turns into another mediocrity. Abandoning such compromises, REL provides his family more and more popularity. Finally, we should not forget that REL is so successful in Russia as a real competitor to its products can make mostly American vehicles, and stay as a solid person, the subwoofer across the ocean is costly. Meanwhile, the United States produced a lot of very cool subs (firms Miller & Kriesel, Bag End. Muse and others), and if not for transport costs, we would recommend them to you more aggressively. 
Original sourse of whis article cxem.net






1/12/2014

Proteus VSM Software

The most powerful CAD system, allowing virtually simulate work a huge amount of analog and digital devices.
Proteus VSM software package allows you to build a scheme of any electronic device and simulate its performance, identifying mistakes made at the design stage and tracing. The program consists of two modules. ISIS - Editor of electronic circuits, followed by imitation of their work. ARES - editor PCB autorouter equipped Electra, built-in editor libraries and automatic placement of components on the board. Besides ARES can create a three-dimensional model of the PCB.
Proteus VSM includes more than 6,000 electronic components with all reference data, as well as demonstration projects study. The program has the tools and USBCONN COMPIM, which allow you to connect virtual device to the USB port and the computer COM. When connecting to these ports any external device virtual circuit will work with it as if it existed in reality. Proteus VSM supports the following compilers: CodeVisionAVR and WinAVR (AVR), ICC (AVR, ARM7, Motorola), HiTECH (8051, PIC Microchip) and Keil (8051, ARM). You can export models of electronic components from the program PSpice.

 Despite the fact that the program works with devices consisting of several microcontrollers and even with chips from different manufacturers in a single device, you must clearly understand that the simulation replicates the real work schemes are not exactly! To avoid errors, you need a clear idea of ​​the final result.
Proteus VSM is a commercial product. There is a free demo version. It has all the features and capabilities of pay package, but you can not save or print the result of the work to create your own microcontroller.
English-language program menu. Complete localization system for Proteus VSM not. You must install the program in a folder without Cyrillic characters in the title.

Operating systems, which employ this CAD - is Windows 2000 / XP / Vista / 7. Note that Proteus VSM functional in Windows 7, but starting with version 7.8.
Distribution of the program: Shareware (fee required), the price - from £ 99
Official site of Proteus: http://www.labcenter.com

DipTrace Software

Automated system through designing electrical circuits and PCB layout.
Simple and easy DipTrace does not require a learning curve and is perfect for small amateur handicrafts. The program consists of the following modules: Schematic (to create a multi-sheet multi-level circuits with built-in simple simulation), PCB Layout (development boards using manual or automatic routing systems and components optimize the location and size of boards), Pattern Editor and Component Editor (to edit buildings and the components, respectively.) DipTrace contains the minimum possible number of controls when working editable objects are highlighted, thus providing an assessment of the situation. Changing one element or circuit board is reflected in all its dependent objects. Autorouter copes with complex multilayer boards that have different types of radio components and support files Specctra DSN / SES lets you connect an outside breeder. The program conducts numerous inspections of the project (new items in the library, affordability and integrity of connections, clearances, dimensions) at various stages of work that can detect and fix errors "on the fly." Creating a SPICE netlist to simulate project allows any external simulator, export / import functions make it possible to continue to work in other applications (P-CAD, PADS, OrCAD, Eagle), as well as use netlists Accel, Mentor, Allegro, Tango and Protel. DipTrace board in exports necessary for the production formats DXF, Gerber RS-274X (with support for TrueType fonts and raster monochrome images), Excellon N / C Drill. Standard library programs include more than 100 000 items from the most reputable manufacturers and convenient development tools allow yourself a few minutes to produce radio parts of any size and complexity. Thanks to a set of three-dimensional models of buildings can be built in the space of the rotating 3D-picture appearance of the final product.



 Since the development of DipTrace programmers engaged in domestic and radio electronics, it is expected that the program itself, textbook, reference materials and other more completely in Russian. DipTrace was created by OOO "Novarm" and distributed in Russia through partner company JSC "Softline".

In addition to the maximum version DipTrace Full, there are versions of Extended, Standard, Lite Starter and different number of available pins, signal layers and, of course, price. To assess the capabilities of the program, you can download a 30-day trial. There is also a crack software, an extensive library of 3D-models of buildings and detailed tutorial from the manufacturer in Russian, which describes step by step all the stages of the development board. In addition, there is a special free version of DipTrace Freeware limited to 300 pins and two layers.

DipTrace operating systems: Linux, Mac OS and Windows NT, 2000, HP, Vista, 7 (32 - and 64 - bit). Manufacturer does not recommend the package to run on Windows 95, 98 and ME. Also, the program does not work in Windows 8, even when activated compatibility mode

Distribution of the program: Freeware (free with limitations) and Shareware (fee required), price - 600 rubles
Official site DipTrace: http://www.diptrace.com/rus


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200W Audio Amplifier Circuit

Circuit description: Connecting two TDA2030 thru cheap power transistors we can create a amplifier wich can deliver a higher power. Wi...

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